Editing Pedro I of Brazil (section)

=== Death ===
{{see also|First Carlist War}}
[[File:Pedro I of Brazil dead 1834.jpg|thumb|left|250px|alt=A lithograph depicting a curtained bed on which lies a bearded man with closed eyes and a crucifix lying on his chest|Pedro on his deathbed, 1834]]
In early 1833, while besieged in Porto, Pedro received news from Brazil of his daughter [[Princess Paula of Brazil|Paula]]'s impending death.{{efn-ua|Pedro made two requests to José Bonifácio, his children's guardian: "the first is to keep for me a bit of her beautiful hair; the second is to place her in the convent of ''Nossa Senhora da Ajuda'' [Our Lady of Good Aid] and in the same spot where her good mother, my Leopoldina for whom even today I still shed tears of longing, is located ... I ask you as a father, as a pitiful desolate father, to do me a favor and go in person to deposit next to the body of her mother this fruit of her womb and on this occasion pray for one and other" {{harv|Santos|2011|p=29}}.}} Months later, in September, he met with [[Antônio Carlos Ribeiro de Andrada|Antônio Carlos de Andrada]], a brother of Bonifácio who had come from Brazil. As a representative of the Restorationist Party, Antônio Carlos asked the Duke of Braganza to return to Brazil and rule his former empire as regent during his son's minority. Pedro realized that the Restorationists wanted to use him as a tool to facilitate their own rise to power, and frustrated Antônio Carlos by making several demands, to ascertain whether the Brazilian people, and not merely a faction, truly wanted him back. He insisted that any request to return as regent be constitutionally valid. The people's will would have to be conveyed through their local representatives and his appointment approved by the General Assembly. Only then, and "upon the presentation of a petition to him in Portugal by an official delegation of the Brazilian parliament" would he consider accepting.{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|p=293}}{{sfn|Sousa 1972, Vol 3|p=287}}

During the war, the Duke of Braganza mounted cannons, dug trenches, tended the wounded, ate among the rank and file and fought under heavy fire as men next to him were shot or blown to pieces.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Calmon|1950|pp=222–223}},
* {{harvnb|Costa|1995|pp=311–317}},
* {{harvnb|Macaulay|1986|pp=276, 280, 282, 292}},
* {{harvnb|Sousa 1972, Vol 3|pp=241–244, 247}}
</ref> His cause was nearly lost until he took the risky step of dividing his forces and sending a portion to launch an [[amphibious attack]] on southern Portugal. The [[Algarve]] region fell to the expedition, which then marched north straight for Lisbon, which capitulated on 24 July.{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|p=290}} Pedro proceeded to subdue the remainder of the country, but just when the conflict looked to be winding down to a conclusion, his Spanish uncle Don [[Infante Carlos, Count of Molina|Carlos]], who was attempting to seize the crown of his niece Doña [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella&nbsp;II]], intervened. In this wider conflict that engulfed the entire [[Iberian Peninsula]], the [[First Carlist War]], the Duke of Braganza allied with liberal Spanish armies loyal to Isabella&nbsp;II and defeated both Miguel&nbsp;I and Carlos. A [[Concession of Evoramonte|peace accord was reached]] on 26 May 1834.{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|pp=295, 297–298}}{{sfn|Sousa 1972, Vol 3|pp=291, 293–294}}

Except for bouts of [[epilepsy]] that manifested in [[seizures]] every few years, Pedro had always enjoyed robust health.{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|p=36}}{{sfn|Lustosa|2006|pp=72–73}} The war, however, undermined his constitution and by 1834 he was dying of [[tuberculosis]].{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|p=302}} He was confined to his bed in Queluz Royal Palace from 10 September.{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|p=304}}{{sfn|Sousa 1972, Vol 3|p=302}} Pedro dictated an open letter to the Brazilians, in which he begged that a gradual abolition of slavery be adopted. He warned them: "Slavery is an evil, and an attack against the rights and dignity of the human species, but its consequences are less harmful to those who suffer in captivity than to the Nation whose laws allow slavery. It is a cancer that devours its morality."{{sfn|Jorge|1972|pp=198–199}} After a long and painful illness, Pedro died at 14:30 on 24 September 1834.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Costa|1995|p=312}},
* {{harvnb|Macaulay|1986|p=305}},
* {{harvnb|Sousa 1972, Vol 3|p=309}}.
</ref> As he had requested, [[Dom Pedro I heart|his heart]] was placed in Porto's Lapa Church and his body was interred in the [[Royal Pantheon of the House of Braganza]].{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|p=305}}{{sfn|Sousa 1972, Vol 3|p=309}} The news of his death arrived in Rio de Janeiro on 20 November, but his children were informed only after 2 December.{{sfn|Barman|1999|p=433}} Bonifácio, who had been removed from his position as their guardian, wrote to Pedro&nbsp;II and his sisters: "Dom Pedro did not die. Only ordinary men die, not heroes."{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|p=299}}{{sfn|Calmon|1975|p=81}}