Editing Orangutan (section)

=== Status and threats ===

{{Main|Endangerment of orangutans}}

All three species are critically endangered according to the [[IUCN Red List]] of mammals.<ref name="IUCN Pongo abelii">{{cite iucn |author= Singleton, I. |author2= Wich, S. A. |author3= Griffiths, M. |year= 2008|url= https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/121097935/123797627|title= ''Pongo abelii''|access-date= 28 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="IUCN Pongo pygmaeus">{{Cite iucn | author = Ancrenaz, M. | author2 = Gumal, M. | author3 = Marshall, A. J. | author4 = Meijaard, E. | author5 = Wich, S. A. | author6 = Husson, S.  | title = Pongo pygmaeus | volume = 2016 | page = e.T17975A17966347 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T17975A17966347.en }}</ref><ref name="IUCN Pongo tapanuliensis">{{cite iucn|last1=Nowak|first1=Matthew G.|last2=Rianti|first2=Puji|last3=Wich|first3=Serge A.|last4=Meijaard|first4=Erik|last5=Fredriksson|first5=Gabriella|title=''Pongo tapanuliensis''|version=2017.3|year=2017|page=e.T120588639A120588662|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T120588639A120588662.en}}</ref> They are legally protected from capture, harm or killing in both Malaysia and Indonesia,<ref>{{cite web|author=Neme, Laurel|date=11 October 2014|title=Endangered Orangutans Gain From Eco-Friendly Shifts in Palm Oil Market|publisher=National Geographic Society|access-date=1 July 2020|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/10/141009-orangutans-palm-oil-malaysia-indonesia-tigers-rhinos/|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629034907/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/10/141009-orangutans-palm-oil-malaysia-indonesia-tigers-rhinos/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and are listed under [[CITES#Appendix I|Appendix I]] by [[CITES]], which prohibits their unlicensed trade under international law.<ref>{{cite web|title=On the edge of extinction|publisher=Sumatran Orangutan Society|access-date=1 July 2020|url=https://www.orangutans-sos.org/crisis/|archive-date=8 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508013819/https://www.orangutans-sos.org/crisis/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Bornean orangutan range has become more fragmented, with few or no apes documented in the southeast.<ref name="IUCN Pongo pygmaeus" /> The largest remaining population is found in the forest around the [[Sabangau River]], but this environment is at risk.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Cheyne, S. M. |author2=Thompson, C. J. |author3=Phillips, A. C. |author4=Hill, R. M. |author5=Limin, S. H. |year=2007|title=Density and population estimate of gibbons (Hylobates albibarbis) in the Sabangau catchment, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia|journal=Primates|volume=49|issue=1|pages=50–56|doi=10.1007/s10329-007-0063-0|pmid=17899314|s2cid=1792717 }}</ref> The Sumatran orangutan is found only in the northern part of Sumatra, most of the population inhabiting the [[Leuser Ecosystem]].<ref name="IUCN Pongo abelii" /> The Tapanuli orangutan is found only in the [[Batang Toru]] forest of Sumatra.<ref name="IUCN Pongo tapanuliensis"/> 
[[File:Riau palm oil 2007.jpg|thumb|alt= A view of deforested land|Deforestation for [[palm oil production in Indonesia]]]]

Birutė Galdikas wrote that orangutans were already threatened by [[poaching]] and [[deforestation]] when she began studying them in 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factsanddetails.com/asian/cat68/sub430/item2475.html|title=Endangered Orangutans: Fires, Poaching and Palm Oil: Facts and Details|last=Hays|first=Jeffrey|website=factsanddetails.com|access-date=12 May 2019|archive-date=12 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512083505/http://factsanddetails.com/asian/cat68/sub430/item2475.html|url-status=live}}</ref> By the 2000s, orangutan habitats decreased rapidly because of logging, mining and [[Habitat fragmentation|fragmentation]] by roads. A major factor has been the conversion of vast areas of [[subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest|tropical forest]] to [[palm oil]] plantations in response to international demand. Hunting is also a major problem, as is the illegal [[Exotic pet|pet trade]].<ref name="IUCN Pongo abelii" /><ref name="IUCN Pongo pygmaeus" />

Orangutans may be killed for the [[bushmeat]] trade<ref>{{cite web|author=Than, Ker|title=Hundreds of Orangutans Killed Annually for Meat|date=16 November 2011|publisher=National Geographic Society|access-date=11 May 2020|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/11/111115-orangutans-meat-animals-environment-science/|archive-date=3 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003172120/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/11/111115-orangutans-meat-animals-environment-science/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and bones are secretly sold in souvenir shops in several cities in Indonesian Borneo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/75425/stop-orangutan-skull-trade |title=Stop orangutan skull trade |publisher=Antara News |date=7 September 2011 |access-date=16 January 2012 |archive-date=3 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103220530/http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/75425/stop-orangutan-skull-trade |url-status=live }}</ref> Conflicts between locals and orangutans also pose a threat. Orangutans that have lost their homes often raid agricultural areas and end up being killed by villagers.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Meijaard, E.|last2= Buchori, B.|last3= Hadiprakarsa, Y.|last4= Utami-Atmoko, S. S.|display-authors=etal|year=2011|title=Quantifying Killing of Orangutans and Human-Orangutan Conflict in Kalimantan, Indonesia|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=6|issue=11|page=e27491|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0027491|pmid=22096582|bibcode=2011PLoSO...627491M|pmc=3214049|doi-access= free}}</ref> Locals may also be motivated to kill orangutans for food or because of their perceived danger.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Davis, J. T.|last2= Mengersen, K.|last3= Abram, N. K.|last4= Ancrenaz, M.|last5= Wells, J. A.|last6= Meijaard, E.|year=2013|title=It's Not Just Conflict That Motivates Killing of Orangutans|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|pages=e75373|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075373|pmid= 24130707|pmc= 3793980|bibcode= 2013PLoSO...875373D|doi-access=free}}</ref> Mother orangutans are killed so their infants can be sold as pets. Between 2012 and 2017, the Indonesian authorities, with the aid of the Orangutan Information Center, seized 114 orangutans, 39 of which were pets.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jacobson, Phillip|date=29 March 2017|title=The military family that kept a pet orangutan in Indonesia|publisher=[[Mongabay]]|access-date=11 May 2020|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2017/03/the-ape-who-escaped-indonesias-blackmarket-trade-in-pet-orangutans/|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614055134/https://news.mongabay.com/2017/03/the-ape-who-escaped-indonesias-blackmarket-trade-in-pet-orangutans/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Estimates in the 2000s found that around 6,500 Sumatran orangutans and around 54,000 Bornean orangutans remain in the wild.<ref name="actionplan">{{cite journal |last1=Wich|first1=S A|last2=Meijaard|first2=E|last3=Marshall|first3=A J|last4=Husson|first4=S|display-authors=etal|year=2002|title= Distribution and conservation status of the orang-utan (''Pongo'' spp.) on Borneo and Sumatra: how many remain?|journal= Oryx|volume=42|issue=3|pages=329–39|doi=10.5167/uzh-3914}}</ref> A 2016 study estimates a population of 14,613 Sumatran orangutans in the wild, twice that of previous population estimates,<ref name="Wich2016">{{cite journal|volume=2|issue=3|pages=e1500789|doi=10.1126/sciadv.1500789|pmid=26973868|pmc=4783118|year=2016|last1=Wich|first1=Serge A.|last2=Singleton|first2=Ian|last3=Nowak|first3=Matthew G.|last4=Utami Atmoko|first4=Sri Suci|last5=Nisam|first5=Gonda|last6=Arif|first6=Sugesti Mhd.|last7=Putra|first7=Rudi H.|last8=Ardi|first8=Rio|last9=Fredriksson|first9=Gabriella|last10=Usher|first10=Graham|last11=Gaveau|first11=David L. A.|last12=Kühl|first12=Hjalmar S.|title=Land-cover changes predict steep declines for the Sumatran orangutan (''Pongo abelii'')|journal=[[Science Advances]]|bibcode=2016SciA....2E0789W}}</ref> while 2016 estimates suggest 104,700 Bornean orangutans exist in the wild.<ref name="IUCN Pongo pygmaeus" /> A 2018 study found that Bornean orangutans declined by 148,500 individuals from 1999 to 2015.<ref name=Voigt2018>{{cite journal|last1=Voigt|first1=M|last2=Wich|first2=S. A.|last3=Ancrenaz|first3=M|display-authors=etal|year=2018|title=Global demand for natural resources eliminated more than 100,000 Bornean Orangutans|journal=Current Biology|volume=28|issue=5|pages=P761–769.E5|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.053|pmid=29456144|s2cid=3756682|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fewer than 800 Tapanuli orangutans are estimated to still exist, which puts the species among the most endangered of the great apes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nater|first1=Alexander|last2=Mattle-Greminger|first2=Maja P.|last3=Nurcahyo|first3=Anton|last4=Nowak|first4=Matthew G.|last5=Manuel|first5=Marc de|last6=Desai|first6=Tariq|last7=Groves|first7=Colin|last8=Pybus|first8=Marc|last9=Sonay|first9=Tugce Bilgin|date=2 November 2017|title=Morphometric, Behavioral, and Genomic Evidence for a New Orangutan Species|journal=Current Biology|volume=27|language=en|issue=22|pages=3487–3498.e10|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.047|pmid=29103940|issn=0960-9822|doi-access=free|hdl=10230/34400|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Reese_A">{{Cite journal|last=Reese|first=April|date=2 November 2017|title=Newly discovered orangutan species is also the most endangered|journal=Nature|volume=551|issue=7679|pages=151|doi=10.1038/nature.2017.22934|pmid=29120449|bibcode=2017Natur.551..151R|doi-access=free}}</ref>