Editing Oak (section)

=== Timber ===

[[File:Charpente eglise Saint-Girons Monein.jpg|thumb|upright|Heart of oak [[Beam (structure)|beams]] of the frame of the [[Église Saint-Girons]] in [[Monein]], France]]

Oak timber is a strong and hard wood with many uses, such as for [[furniture]], floors, building frames, and [[Wood veneer|veneer]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dotson |first1=J. Dianne |title=What Are Oak Trees Used for? |url=https://sciencing.com/kamani-wood-8516541.html |website=Sciencing |access-date=9 October 2023 |date=22 November 2019}}</ref> The wood of ''[[Quercus cerris]]'' (the Turkey oak) has better mechanical properties than those of the white oaks ''[[Quercus petraea|Q.&nbsp;petraea]]'' and ''[[Quercus robur|Q.&nbsp;robur]]''; the heartwood and sapwood have similar [[strength of materials|mechanical properties]].<ref>Merela, Maks, and Katarina Čufar. "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maks-Merela/publication/272905935_Density_and_Mechanical_Properties_of_Oak_Sapwood_Versus_Heartwood/links/577e29bd08aeaa6988b0920b/Density-and-Mechanical-Properties-of-Oak-Sapwood-Versus-Heartwood.pdf Density and mechanical properties of oak sapwood versus heartwood in three different oak species]". ''Drvna industrija'' 64.4 (2013): 323–334.</ref> Of the North American red oaks, the [[northern red oak]], ''Quercus rubra'', is highly prized for lumber.<ref>Aldrich, Preston R., et al. "Whole-tree silvic identifications and the microsatellite genetic structure of a red oak species complex in an Indiana old-growth forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33.11 (2003): 2228–2237.</ref><ref>{{eFloras|1|233501082|Quercus shumardii |first=Kevin C. |last=Nixon |volume=3}}</ref>
The wood is resistant to insect and fungal attack.<ref>Thaler, Nejc; Humar, Miha. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964830513003168 Performance of oak, beech and spruce beams after more than 100 years in service]". ''International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation'' 85 (2013): 305–310.</ref>

Wood from ''Q.&nbsp;robur'' and ''Q.&nbsp;petraea'' was used in Europe for [[shipbuilding]], especially of naval [[man-of-war|men of war]], until the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Baugh |first=Daniel A. |title=British Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole |url=https://archive.org/details/britishnavaladmi0000baug |url-access=registration |year=1965 |page=[https://archive.org/details/britishnavaladmi0000baug/page/242 242] |publisher=Princeton University Press |oclc=610026758}}</ref> In hill states of India such as [[Uttarakhand]], along with being used for fuelwood and timber, oak wood is used for [[agricultural implement]]s, while the leaves serve as [[fodder]] for livestock during lean periods.<ref>[[Chandra Prakash Kala|Kala, C.P.]] (2004). Studies on the indigenous knowledge, practices, and traditional uses of forest products by human societies in Uttarakhand state of India. GBPIHED, Almora, India</ref><ref>Kala, C.P. (2010). ''Medicinal Plants of Uttarakhand: Diversity Livelihood and Conservation''. BioTech Books, Delhi, {{ISBN|8176222097}}.</ref>