Editing Nynorsk (section)

===Verb conjugation===
As in other continental [[North Germanic languages|Scandinavian languages]], [[verb conjugation]] in Nynorsk is quite simple as verbs are not conjugated by person, unlike [[English language|English]] and other Indo-European languages. Verbs are divided into two conjugation classes: strong and weak verbs. The weak verbs are further divided into different categories: ''a''-verbs, ''j''-verbs, short verbs and ''e''-verbs (some ''e''-verbs with ''-de'' in the preterite tense and some with ''-te'' in the preterite tense). The conjugation class decides what inflection the verb will get for the different tenses and what kind of past participle inflection it gets. ''E''-verbs with ''-de'' in the preterite will for instance be inflected in both gender and number for the past participles; while those with ''-te'' will be inflected only in number, as described in the past participle section. Unlike Bokmål, Nynorsk has a more marked difference between strong and weak verbs—a common pattern in dialects across Norway. The system resembles the [[Swedish grammar|Swedish verb conjugation system]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+Weak verbs<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
![[Infinitive]]
![[Imperative mood|Imperative]]
![[Present tense|present]]
![[preterite]]
![[present perfect]]
!Verb category
|-
|''å kaste'' (to throw)
|''kast''
|''kastar''
|''kasta''
|''har kasta''
|''a''-verb
|-
|''å kjøpe'' (to buy)
|''kjøp''
|''kjøper''
|''kjøpte''
|''har kjøpt''
|''e''-verb (''-te'' preterite)
|-
|''å byggje'' (to build)
|''bygg''
|''byggjer''
|''bygde''
|''har bygt''
|''e''-verb (''-de'' preterite)
|-
|''å krevje'' (to demand)
|''krev''
|''krev''
|''kravde''
|''har kravt''
|''j''-verb
|-
|''å bu'' (to live)
|''bu''
|''bur''
|''budde''
|''har budd/butt''
|short verb
|}
To identify what conjugation class a verb pertains to; ''j''-verbs will have ''-je'' or ''-ja'' in the infinitive, ''e''-verbs have ''-er'' in the present tense, ''a''-verbs have ''-ar'' in the present tense and ''-a'' in the preterite. 
{| class="wikitable"
|+Strong verbs<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|url=http://elevrom.sprakradet.no/skolen/minigrammatikk/tema/sterke-verb|title=Språkrådet|website=elevrom.sprakradet.no|access-date=2018-07-14}}</ref>
![[Infinitive]]
![[Imperative mood|Imperative]]
![[Present tense|present]]
![[preterite]]
![[present perfect]]
|-
|''å skrive'' (to write)
|''skriv''
|''skriv''
|''skreiv''
|''har skrive''
|-
|''å drepe'' (to kill)
|''drep''
|''drep''
|''drap''
|''har drepe''
|-
|''å lese'' (to read)
|''les''
|''les''
|''las''
|''har lese''
|-
|''å tillate'' (to allow)
|''tillat''
|''tillèt''
|''tillét''
|''har tillate''
|}
Strong verbs have no ending in their present and preterite forms. The only difference between these forms is [[Ablaut (linguistics)|ablaut]].<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Comparison with English, strong verb ''drikke''
!Language
![[Infinitive]]
![[Imperative mood|Imperative]]
![[Present tense|present]]
![[preterite]]
![[present perfect]]
|-
|Nynorsk:
|''å drikke''
|''drikk''
|''drikk''
|''drakk''
|''har drukke''
|-
|English:
|to drink
|drink
|drink/drinking
|drank/was drinking
|have drunk/have been drinking
|}
Just like in Bokmål and in most other Germanic languages, there is no difference between the simple tenses and the continuous tenses in Nynorsk. This means for instance that ''drikk'' will cover both of the English present forms "drink" and "drinking".

All users can choose to follow a system of either an ''-e'' or an ''-a'' ending on the infinitives of verbs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sprakradet.no/sprakhjelp/Skriverad/Nynorskhjelp/Rettleiing-om-konsekvent-nynorsk/|title=Rettleiing om konsekvent nynorsk|website=Språkrådet|language=no|access-date=2018-07-14}}</ref> That is, one can for instance choose to write either ''å skrive'' or ''å skriva'' (the latter is common in west Norwegian dialects). There is also a system where one can use both ''-a'' endings and ''-e'' endings at certain verbs, this system is known as [[kløyvd infinitiv]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Skjekkeland|first=Martin|title=kløyvd infinitiv|date=2017-12-14|url=http://snl.no/kl%C3%B8yvd_infinitiv|work=Store norske leksikon|language=no|access-date=2018-07-14}}</ref>

As can be shown from the conjugation tables, the removal of the vocal ending of the infinitive creates the [[Imperative mood|imperative]] form of the verb ''kjøp deg ei ny datamaskin!'' (buy yourself a new computer!). This is true for all weak and strong verbs.

====Ergative verbs====
There are [[ergative verb]]s in both Bokmål and Nynorsk. A verb in Norwegian that is ergative has two different conjugations, either weak or strong. The two different conjugation patterns, though similar, have two different meanings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://elevrom.sprakradet.no/skolen/minigrammatikk/tema/parverb|title=Språkrådet|website=elevrom.sprakradet.no|access-date=2018-07-14}}</ref> A verb with a weak conjugation as in the section above, will have an object, that is, the weak conjugated verb is [[Transitive verb|transitive]]. The verb with strong conjugation will not have an object. The strongly conjugated verbs are [[Intransitive verb|intransitive]]. The system of ergative verbs is more pronounced in Nynorsk than in Bokmål. An ergative verb in Bokmål will have two different conjugations only for the [[preterite]] tense for strong verbs due to the influence of Danish that did not have strong ergative verbs, while all ergative verbs in Nynorsk have two different conjugations for all tenses like Swedish. Ergative verbs are also very common in Norwegian dialects, like in the following example.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Ergative verb ''brenne'' (to burn)
![[Infinitive]]
![[Present tense|present]]
![[preterite]]
![[present perfect]]
![[Participle|perfect participle]], masc/fem
![[Participle|perfect participle]], neuter
|-
|rowspan=2|''å brenne''
|''brenn''
|''brann''
|''har brunne''
|''brunnen''
|''brunne''
|-
|''brenner''
|''brende''
|''har brent''
|''brend''
|''brent''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example, ergative verb brenne''
!Norwegian
!English
|-
|''Låven '''brenn'''''
|The barn is burning (intransitive)
|-
|''Hytta '''brann'''''
|The cabin was burning (intransitive)
|-
|''Eg '''brenner''' ned huset''
|I'm burning down the house (transitive)
|-
|''Eg '''brende''' ned treet''
|I burned down the tree (transitive)
|}
Other verbs that are ergative are often j-verbs; ''liggje'' (to lie down), ''leggje'' (to lay down). These are differentiated for all tenses, just like Bokmål.

====Passive construction====

Just like the other Scandinavian languages and Bokmål, there is [[Passive voice|passive construction]] of verbs. In general, the passive is created by taking the verb stem and adding the suffix ''-ast''. For instance the verb ''hente'' (English: fetch) has the passive form ''hentast''. This suffix was inherited from [[Old Norse]] and is the same suffix that exists in modern-day [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]. In fact, all the verb forms ''berast'', ''reddast'', ''opnast'', ''seljast'' in the table below are Icelandic verb forms too.

In contrast to Bokmål, the passive forms of verbs are only used after [[auxiliary verb]]s in Nynorsk, and never without them. Without an auxiliary verb there would rather be a passive construction by the use of the verbs ''vere''/''bli''/''verte'' (to be/to become) and then the [[#Participles|past participle verb]] form. For instance, the following sentence is not a valid sentence in Nynorsk:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ntnu.no/trykk/publikasjoner/nynorsk/files/assets/downloads/publication.pdf|title=NTNU Nynorsk for studentar|last=Fridtun|first=Kristin|date=2011|website=www.ntnu.no|access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref> ''Pakka hentast i dag'' (the package will be fetched today), there would rather be a construction like ''Pakka vert henta i dag''. This is due to the reduction of sentences that are ambiguous in meaning and due to the historic legacy of [[Old Norse]]. Bokmål and certain languages like Swedish and Danish have evolved another passive construction where the passive is not reflexive. In the general case, this can lead to confusion as to ''han slåast'' means that "he is fighting"» or that "he is being hit", a reflexive or a non reflexive meaning. Nynorsk has two different forms that separate this meaning for the verb ''slå'' (''slåast'' and ''slåst''), but in the general case it does not. Nynorsk solves this general ambiguity by mainly allowing a reflexive meaning, which is also the construction that has the most historical legacy behind it. This was also the only allowed construction in Old Norse.

There are reflexive verbs in Nynorsk just like the other Scandinavian languages, and these are not the same as passives.<ref name=":0" /> Examples are ''synast'' (think, looks like), ''kjennast'' (feels), etc. The reflexive verbs have their own conjugation for all tenses, which passives do not. A [[dictionary]] will usually show an inflection table if the verb is reflexive, and if it is passive the only allowed form is the word alone with an ''-ast'' suffix.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of passives
!Norwegian
!English
|-
|''Eska skal '''berast'''''
|The box shall be carried
|-
|''Barna må '''reddast'''''
|The children must be saved 
|-
|''Døra vil '''opnast'''''
|The door will be opened 
|-
|''Sykkelen burde '''seljast'''''
|The bike should be sold
|}

====Reflexive verbs====
[[Reflexive verb]]s like ''å kjennast''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ordbok.uib.no/perl/ordbok.cgi?OPP=kjennast&ant_bokmaal=5&ant_nynorsk=5&nynorsk=+&ordbok=begge|title=Bokmålsordboka {{!}} Nynorskordboka|website=ordbok.uib.no|access-date=2018-07-15}}</ref> (to feel) are conjugated this way
{| class="wikitable"
|+''å kjennast'', English: "feel"
![[Infinitive]]
![[Present tense|present]]
![[preterite]]
![[present perfect]]
|-
|''å kjenn'''ast'''''
|''kjenn'''est'''''
|''kjen'''test'''''
|''har kjen'''st'''''
|}
In general, all reflexive verbs are conjugated by this pattern. These have a reflexive meaning, see the examples below. Every reflexive verb is also a copula verb, so they have [[#Adjectives|adjective agreement]] with adjectives like ''kald'' (cold), just like in Bokmål and the other Scandinavian languages.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples, reflexive verb: «å kjennast»
!Norwegian
!English
|-
|''Dyna byrjar å kjenn'''ast''' varm''
|The blanket (feminine) is starting to feel warm
|-
|''Maten kjenn'''est''' kald''
|The food (masculine) feels cold
|-
|''Bollene kjen'''test''' kald'''e'''''
|The buns (plural) felt cold
|-
|''Det har kjen'''st''' god'''t'''''
|It has felt good
|-
|''Det kan kjenn'''ast''' kald'''t'''''
|It can feel cold 
|}

====''T'' as final sound====
One of the [[wiktionary:past participle|past participle]] and the preterite verb ending in Bokmål is ''-et''. Aasen originally included these ''t''s in his Landsmål norms, but since these are silent in the dialects, it was struck out in the first officially issued specification of Nynorsk of 1901.

Examples may compare the Bokmål forms ''skrevet'' ('written', past participle)  and ''hoppet'' ('jumped', both past tense and past participle), which in written Nynorsk are ''skrive'' (Landsmål ''skrivet'') and ''hoppa'' (Landsmål ''hoppat''). The form ''hoppa'' is also permitted in Bokmål.

Other examples from other classes of words include the neuter singular form ''anna'' of ''annan'' ('different', with more meanings) which was spelled ''annat'' in Landsmål, and the neuter singular form ''ope'' of ''open'' ('open') which originally was spelled ''opet''. Bokmål, in comparison, still retains these ''t''s through the equivalent forms ''annet'' and ''åpent''.