Editing Nuclear winter (section)

=== 2018 ===
Researchers at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] published the results of a multi-scale study of the climate impact of a regional nuclear exchange, the same scenario considered by Robock et al. and by Toon et al. in 2007. Unlike previous studies, this study simulated the processes whereby black carbon would be lofted into the atmosphere and found that very little would be lofted into the stratosphere and, as a result, the long-term climate impacts were much lower than those studies had concluded. In particular, "none of the simulations produced a nuclear winter effect", and "the probability of significant global cooling from a limited exchange scenario as envisioned in previous studies is highly unlikely".<ref name="LANL2018">{{cite journal |author=Reisner |first=Jon |display-authors=et al |year=2018 |title=Climate Impact of a Regional Nuclear Weapons Exchange: An Improved Assessment Based On Detailed Source Calculations |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=123 |issue=5 |pages=2752–2772 |bibcode=2018JGRD..123.2752R |doi=10.1002/2017JD027331 |s2cid=134771643 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This study has been contradicted by results in several subsequent studies claiming the 2018 study to be flawed.<ref name="Robock Toon Bardeen 2019 pp. 12953–12958">{{cite journal |last1=Robock |first1=Alan |last2=Toon |first2=Owen B. |last3=Bardeen |first3=Charles G. |date=2019-12-09 |title=Comment on "Climate Impact of a Regional Nuclear Weapon Exchange: An Improved Assessment Based on Detailed Source Calculations" by Reisner et al. |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |publisher=American Geophysical Union |volume=124 |issue=23 |pages=12953–12958 |doi=10.1029/2019jd030777 |issn=2169-897X |doi-access=free|bibcode=2019JGRD..12412953R }}</ref><ref name="Wagman Lundquist Tang Glascoe 2020 p.">{{cite journal |last1=Wagman |first1=Benjamin M. |last2=Lundquist |first2=Katherine A. |last3=Tang |first3=Qi |last4=Glascoe |first4=Lee G. |last5=Bader |first5=David C. |date=2020-12-14 |title=Examining the Climate Effects of a Regional Nuclear Weapons Exchange Using a Multiscale Atmospheric Modeling Approach |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |publisher=American Geophysical Union |volume=125 |issue=24 |page= |doi=10.1029/2020jd033056 |issn=2169-897X |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JGRD..12533056W }}</ref><ref name="Redfern Lundquist Toon Muñoz‐Esparza 2021 p.">{{cite journal |last1=Redfern |first1=Stephanie |last2=Lundquist |first2=Julie K.|author2-link=Julie Lundquist |last3=Toon |first3=Owen B. |last4=Muñoz-Esparza |first4=Domingo |last5=Bardeen |first5=Charles G. |last6=Kosović |first6=Branko |date=2021-12-07 |title=Upper Troposphere Smoke Injection From Large Areal Fires |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |publisher=American Geophysical Union |volume=126 |issue=23 |page= |arxiv=2012.07246 |doi=10.1029/2020jd034332 |bibcode=2021JGRD..12634332R |issn=2169-897X}}</ref><ref name="Tarshish Romps 2022 p.">{{cite journal |last1=Tarshish |first1=Nathaniel |last2=Romps |first2=David M. |date=2022-09-12 |title=Latent Heating Is Required for Firestorm Plumes to Reach the Stratosphere |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |publisher=American Geophysical Union |volume=127 |issue=18 |page= |doi=10.1029/2022jd036667 |bibcode=2022JGRD..12736667T |s2cid=251852245 |issn=2169-897X}}</ref>

Research published in the peer-reviewed journal ''Safety'' suggested that no nation should possess more than 100 nuclear warheads because of the blowback effect on the aggressor nation's own population because of "nuclear autumn".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-13 |title=Morbid Researchers Imagine a 'Best-Case Scenario' for Nuclear War, and the Results Are Grim |url=https://gizmodo.com/morbid-researchers-imagine-a-best-case-scenario-for-nuc-1826776856 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=Gizmodo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Denkenberger|first1=David|last2=Pearce|first2=Joshua|last3=Pearce|first3=Joshua M.|last4=Denkenberger|first4=David C.|date=June 2018|title=A National Pragmatic Safety Limit for Nuclear Weapon Quantities|journal=Safety|volume=4|issue=2|page=25|doi=10.3390/safety4020025|doi-access=free}}</ref>