Editing Nizhny Novgorod (section)

==Economy==
[[File:NN BolPokrovskaya Street 08-2016 img2.jpg|thumb|State Bank of Nizhny Novgorod, built in 1913]]Since the reign of [[Emperor of all the Russias|Emperor]] [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]], Nizhny Novgorod has become the centre of all-Russian merchants. On 15 July 1822 the largest [[Nizhny Novgorod Fair|Nizhny Novgorod fair]] was solemnly opened on the left bank of the [[Oka (river)|Oka]]. Then Nizhny Novgorod became the main city of all-Russian and international trade.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=История {{!}} Нижегородская Ярмарка |url=http://www.yarmarka.ru/about/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=www.yarmarka.ru |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212125935/http://www.yarmarka.ru/about/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1929, the Fair was closed, and the city's economy began to develop in a completely different direction.

The Soviet city of Gorky became one of the largest industrial centres in Russia, the leading role in which belonged to the enterprises of mechanical engineering, metalworking and information technology. At the same time, the first auto giant, the [[GAZ|Gorky Automobile Plant]], was built.<ref>{{Cite web |title=История завода "ГАЗ" |url=https://museum.gaz.ru/history/gaz-history/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=museum.gaz.ru |archive-date=June 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619211949/https://museum.gaz.ru/history/gaz-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The very foundation of the city at the confluence of two navigable rivers predetermined both its military-strategic and commercial significance. Local merchants traded not only with Moscow, Kazan, Yaroslavl, Astrakhan, but also with the cities of Europe and Central Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 год: 300-летие Нижегородской губернии |url=https://www.archive-nnov.ru/?id=3677 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=www.archive-nnov.ru |language=ru |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212125939/https://www.archive-nnov.ru/?id=3677 |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 1767, during the royal visit of [[Emperor of all the Russias|Empress]] [[Catherine the Great|Catherine II]], she ordered the creation of a new enterprise, the Nizhny Novgorod Trading Company.
{{Main|Nizhny Novgorod Fair}}
[[File:NN-16-05-2022 41.jpg|thumb|Nizhny Novgorod Fair]]
The main factor in the formation of Nizhny Novgorod as the main trading centre of [[Russian Empire|Russia]] at the beginning of the 19th century was the transfer here in 1817 of the [[Nizhny Novgorod Fair|Makariev Fair]].<ref name=":0" />

At the expense of the treasury, under the general project and under the leadership of [[Agustín de Betancourt|Augustine de Betancourt]], the largest guest complex in Europe was created.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-06 |title=Event dedicated to the statesman Agustín Betancourt at the Russian Centre |url=https://thediplomatinspain.com/en/2015/02/event-dedicated-to-the-statesman-agustin-betancourt-at-the-russian-centre/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=The Diplomat in Spain |language=en-US |archive-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331193943/https://thediplomatinspain.com/en/2015/02/event-dedicated-to-the-statesman-agustin-betancourt-at-the-russian-centre/ |url-status=live }}</ref> At the stage before 1822, the Cathedral of the Savior was built according to the project of [[Auguste de Montferrand]], 3 administrative, 4 “Chinese” wooden and 56 brick buildings with thousands of shops, hotels, taverns and a summer theatre.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guzeva |first=Alexandra |date=2022-08-15 |title=How Nizhny Novgorod became the trade center of the Russian Empire |url=https://www.rbth.com/business/335314-nizhny-novgorod-fair-russia |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Russia Beyond |language=en-US |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212125935/https://www.rbth.com/business/335314-nizhny-novgorod-fair-russia |url-status=live }}</ref> For the first time in [[Europe#History|Europe]], sewerage was provided here. At the second stage, the complex of the Cathedral of the Savior was completed, a mosque and an [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian-Gregorian church]] were built. The third stage marked a strict rectangular redevelopment of the fair with the paving of all streets, the creation of a number of new places of worship, including the [[Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Nizhny Novgorod|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral]], a three-story commercial building, called the Persian Caravanserai, was erected near the mosque. The fourth stage was the last in a series of reconstructions and included: the construction of the stone circus of the Nikitin brothers, the Brazilian passage on theatre Square, the new Main Fair House in the Russian style, which became one of the largest passages of the Russian Empire.<ref name=":0" />

The current Nizhny Novgorod fair is an interactive museum. The inauguration of the governor and various official events are held in the armorial hall.
[[File:World Trade center Nizhny Novgorod.jpg|thumb|World Trade centre Nizhny Novgorod]]
Currently, trade in Nizhny Novgorod is represented mainly by its retail sector. In the 1990s, Belinsky Street was actively built up with shopping centres. In the mid-2000s, three shopping centres were built on the territory of Old Kanavino near the Railway Station, on Revolution Square. In 2008, in the very centre of Nizhny Novgorod, near the historical quarter known as the Black Pond, the Lobachevsky Plaza business centre was built, which was recognized as one of the best architectural projects of 2009.

In January 2019, Nizhny Novgorod was recognized as the best city in Russia in terms of quality of life.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-01-15 |title=Нижний Новгород назвали лучшим городом России по качеству жизни |url=https://ria.ru/20190115/1549364358.html |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=[[RIA Novosti]] |language=ru |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212132414/https://ria.ru/20190115/1549364358.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It took first place among Russian cities and 109th in the world in terms of quality of life. The rating was compiled by the website numbeo.com, which specializes in statistics on the cost of living and consumer prices in different countries of the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quality of Life Index by City 2023 |url=https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings.jsp |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=www.numbeo.com |archive-date=June 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612070505/https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings.jsp |url-status=live }}</ref> When compiling the rating, the purchasing power of the population, safety, health care, the cost of living, the ratio of real estate prices and incomes of the population, traffic congestion, the level of environmental pollution, and climate were taken into account.

In 2022, the average nominal salary in Nizhny Novgorod, according to [[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]], was 45,795 rubles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Росстат — Рынок труда, занятость и заработная плата |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/labor_market_employment_salaries |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=rosstat.gov.ru |archive-date=March 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319154712/https://rosstat.gov.ru/labor_market_employment_salaries |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Information technology===
[[File:Ankudinovka IT-Park-01.jpg|thumb|IT-Park]]

Nizhny Novgorod is one of the centres of the IT industry in Russia. It ranks among the leading Russian cities in terms of the quantity of software [[R&D]] providers.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} [[Intel]] has a big software research and development centre with more than 500 engineers in the city, as well as a major data centre. In 2022 Intel suspended business operations in Nizhny Novgorod.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Communications |url=https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/support/ru-banner-inside.html |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Intel |language=en |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212125928/https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/support/ru-banner-inside.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Nizhny Novgorod, there are also a number of [[offshore outsourcing]] [[software]] developers, including Bell Integrator, Itseez, Tecom, Luximax Systems Ltd, MERA, RealEast Networks, Auriga, SoftDrom and Teleca, as well as many other smaller companies specialising in the delivery of services to telecommunication vendors.

There are 25 scientific R&D institutions focusing on telecommunications, radio technology, theoretical and applied physics, and 33 higher educational institutions, among them are [[Nizhny Novgorod State University]], [[Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University]], [[Privolzhsky Research Medical University]], as well as Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Information Technologies, that focuses on information technologies, software development, system administration, telecommunications, cellular networks, Internet technologies, and IT management.

Nizhny Novgorod has also been chosen as one of four sites for building an IT-oriented technology park – a special zone that has an established infrastructure and enjoys a favourable tax and customs policy.

===Engineering industry===
[[File:Gorky Automobile Plant. Main entrance. 09-2019 01.jpg|thumb|Gorky Automobile Plant]]
Engineering is the leading industry of Nizhny Novgorod's economy with transportation – the auto industry, shipbuilding, diesel engines, aircraft manufacture, and machine tools – predominating; the auto industry being the leading sector (50%).

Some of the largest plants include:
*[[Joint-stock company|JSC]] “[[GAZ|Gorky Automobile Plant]]” – personal cars, trucks, armored personnel carriers, and other autos
*JSC “[[Krasnoye Sormovo]]” – river and sea ships, submarines
*JSC “[[Sokol design bureau|Sokol]]” – planes, jets
*[[Open joint-stock company|PJSC]] “[[Nizhny Novgorod Machine-building Plant]]” – armament, artillery, howitzers, anti-tank guns, oil and gas fittings
*JSC “[[Hydromash]]” – hydraulic actuators, landing gear
*JSC “[[NITEL (Russian company)|Nitel]]” – TV sets
*JSC “[[RUMO Plant|RUMO]]” – diesel generators
*JSC “Krasny yakor” – anchor chains
*[[OKBM Afrikantov]] – nuclear reactors