Editing New Caledonia (section)

=== Ethnic groups ===
{{bar box
|title=Ethnic Groups in New Caledonia (2019 Census)<ref name="Population Structure of Communities">{{cite web |url=https://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/278-donnees?download=874:structure-de-la-population-des-communautes |title=Population Structure of Communities |publisher=[[Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies]] (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa |access-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113144638/http://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/278-donnees?download=874:structure-de-la-population-des-communautes |archive-date=13 November 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Ethnic Groups
|right1=percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|Kanak|darkgreen|41.2}}
{{bar percent|European|purple|24.1}}
{{bar percent|"Caledonian" or not stated|pink|7.5}}
{{bar percent|Mixed|red|11.3}}
{{bar percent|Wallisian/Futunian|black|8.3}}
{{bar percent|Tahitian|darkblue|2.0}}
{{bar percent|Javanese|Violet|1.4}}
{{bar percent|Ni-Vanuatu|maroon|0.9}}
{{bar percent|Vietnamese|darkgray|0.8}}
{{bar percent|Other Asian|gray|0.4}}
{{bar percent|Other|tan|2.1}}
}}
At the 2019 census,<ref name="Population Structure of Communities" /> 41.2% of the population reported belonging to the [[Kanak people|Kanak]] community (up from 39.1% at the 2014 census<ref>{{cite web |url=http://xt.isee.nc/xtc/tele.php?tableau=xt127001.xls&base=rp09indcomap |title=Communauté d'appartenance – INSEE – ISEE / Recensement de la population de 2009 en Nouvelle-Calédonie |format=XLS |access-date=2015-08-24 |publisher=[[Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies]] (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>) and 24.1% to the [[Europe]]an ([[Caldoche]] and [[Zoreilles|Zoreille]]) community (down from 27.2% at the 2014 census). A further 7.5% of the population either self-identified as "Caledonian" or refused to declare an ethnic group (down from 9.9% at the 2014 census). Most of the people who self-identify as "Caledonian" or refuse to declare an ethnic group are thought to be ethnically European.<ref name="LoganCole2001b">{{cite book|author1=Leanne Logan|author2=Geert Cole|title=New Caledonia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lly95WF8n-cC&pg=PA39|year=2001|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-86450-202-2|page=39|access-date=18 October 2015|archive-date=13 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413094632/https://books.google.com/books?id=lly95WF8n-cC&pg=PA39|url-status=live}}</ref>

The other self-reported communities were [[Wallis and Futuna|Wallisians and Futunians]] (8.3% of the total population, up from 8.2% at the 2014 census), [[Overseas Indonesian|Indonesians]] who are from the [[Javanese New Caledonians|Javanese ethnic group]] (1.4% of the total population, the same as in 2014),<ref>{{cite web |title=New Caledonian Javanese, in New Caledonia |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/13321/NC |website=joshuaproject.net |publisher=Joshua Project |access-date=14 December 2020 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205095432/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/13321/NC |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tahitians]] (2.0% of the total population, down from 2.1% at the 2014 census), [[Ni-Vanuatu]] (0.9%, down from 1.0% at the 2014 census), [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] (0.8%, down from 0.9% at the 2014 census), and other Asians (primarily [[Overseas Chinese|ethnic Chinese]]; 0.4% of the total population, the same as in 2014).

11.3% of the population reported belonging to multiple communities ([[Multiracial people|mixed race]]) (up from 8.6% at the 2014 census). The question on community belonging, which had been left out of the 2004 census, was reintroduced in 2009 under a new formulation, different from the 1996 census, allowing multiple choices (mixed race) and the possibility to clarify the choice "other" (which led many Europeans to self-identify as "Caledonian" in the category "other", or to select several ethnic communities, such as both European and Kanak, thus appearing as mixed race, which is particularly the case for the Caldoches living in the bush, who often have mixed ancestry).<ref name="eth09">{{cite web |url=http://www.isee.nc/population/telecharpdf/4%20page-rpnc09.pdf |title=Recensement de la population 2009 |publisher=[[Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies]] (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113151907/http://www.isee.nc/population/telecharpdf/4%20page-rpnc09.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Finally, 2.1% of the population reported belonging to other communities to the exclusion of "Caledonian" (up from 1.3% at the 2014 census).

The Kanak people, part of the ethnic [[Melanesians|Melanesian]] group, are indigenous to New Caledonia.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=5}} Their social organization is traditionally based on [[clan]]s, which identify as either "land" or "sea" clans, depending on their original location and the occupation of their ancestors.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=5}} According to the 2019 census, the Kanak constitute 95% of the population in the [[Loyalty Islands Province]], 72% in the North Province and 29% in the South Province.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=5}} The Kanak tend to be of lower socio-economic status than the Europeans and other settlers.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=5}}<ref name="isee.nc">{{cite magazine |magazine=Synthèse |issue=35 |url=http://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/197-analyse?download=1484:une-demographie-toujours-dynamique |format=PDF |title=Recensement de la population 2014 |lang=fr |trans-title=2014 population census |publisher=[[Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies]] (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa |access-date=14 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214213813/http://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/197-analyse%3Fdownload%3D1484:une-demographie-toujours-dynamique |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Europeans in Oceania|Europeans]] first settled in New Caledonia when France established a penal colony on the archipelago.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=5}} Once the prisoners had completed their sentences, they were given land to settle.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=5}} According to the 2014 census, of the 73,199 Europeans in New Caledonia, 30,484 were [[Caldoche|native-born]], 36,975 were born in [[Zoreilles|Metropolitan France]], 488 were born in [[French Polynesia]], 86 were born in [[Wallis and Futuna]], and 5,166 were born abroad.<ref name="ridet">{{cite web |title=DONNEES DE CADRAGE |url=http://www.isee.nc/population/telecharxls/don.cadrage-rp-09.xls |format=XLS |publisher=[[Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies]] (ISEE-NC) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030182817/http://www.isee.nc/population/telecharxls/don.cadrage-rp-09.xls |archive-date=30 October 2012 |place=Nouméa}}</ref> The Europeans are divided into several groups. The [[Caldoche]]s are usually defined as those born in New Caledonia who have ancestral ties that span back to the early French settlers.<ref name="LoganCole2001b"/> They often settled in the rural areas of the western coast of Grande Terre, where many continue to run large cattle properties.<ref name="LoganCole2001b"/>

Distinct from the Caldoches are those who were born in New Caledonia from families that had settled more recently, and are called simply Caledonians.<ref name="LoganCole2001"/> The [[Metropolitan France|Metropolitan French]]-born migrants who come to New Caledonia are called ''Métros'' or ''Zoreilles'', indicating their origins in metropolitan France.<ref name="LoganCole2001"/> There is also a community of about 2,000<ref name="LoganCole2001"/> [[Pied-Noir|pieds noirs]], descended from European settlers in France's former North African colonies;<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fcontemporary_pacific%2Fv017%2F17.2chappell02.html|title=New Caledonia|journal=The Contemporary Pacific|author=David A. Chappell|year=2005|volume=17|issue=2|pages=435–448|doi=10.1353/cp.2005.0043|s2cid=258106946 |access-date=28 March 2008|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113325/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fcontemporary_pacific%2Fv017%2F17.2chappell02.html|url-status=live}}</ref> some of them are prominent in anti-independence politics, including [[Pierre Maresca]], a leader of the [[Rally for Caledonia in the Republic|RPCR]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE7DC1E3FF935A15754C0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all|title=Noumea Journal; On an Island in the Pacific, but Far From at Peace|work=The New York Times|author=Henry Kamm|date=26 July 1988|author-link=Henry Kamm|access-date=11 February 2017|archive-date=23 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423052218/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE7DC1E3FF935A15754C0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all|url-status=live}}</ref>

A 2015 documentary by [[Al Jazeera English]] asserted that up to 10%{{dubious|date=September 2015}} of New Caledonia's population is descended from around 2,000 [[Arabs|Arab]]-[[Imazighen|Berber]] people deported from [[French Algeria]] in the late 19th century to [[Penal colony|prisons on the island]] in reprisal for the [[Mokrani Revolt]] in 1871. After serving their sentences, they were released and given land to own and cultivate as part of colonisation efforts on the island. As the overwhelming majority of the [[Algerians of the Pacific|Algerians imprisoned on New Caledonia]] were men, the community was continued through intermarriage with women of other ethnic groups, mainly French women from nearby women's prisons. Despite facing both assimilation into the Euro-French population and discrimination for their ethnic background, descendants of the deportees have succeeded in preserving a common identity as Algerians, including maintaining certain cultural practices (such as Arabic names) and in some cases [[Islam]]ic religion. Some travel to Algeria as a rite of passage, though obtaining Algerian citizenship is often a difficult process. The largest population of Algerian-Caledonians lives in the commune of [[Bourail]] (particularly in the {{ill|Nessadiou|fr|Nessadiou}} district, where there is an Islamic cultural centre and {{ill|Arabic cemetery of Nesssadiou|lt=cemetery|fr|Cimetière des Arabes de Nessadiou}}), with smaller communities in [[Nouméa]], [[Koné, New Caledonia|Koné]], [[Pouembout]], and [[Yaté]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2015/09/exile-caledonia-150914145540415.html|title=Exile in New Caledonia|last1=Mame|first1=Abdelkader|first2=Abdelaziz|last2=Abid|date=14 September 2015|publisher=Al Jazeera English|access-date=17 September 2015|archive-date=19 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919090331/http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2015/09/exile-caledonia-150914145540415.html|url-status=dead}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qsr-FjZhEM video] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920034630/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qsr-FjZhEM |date=20 September 2015 }}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="155px">
Femmes kanak2.jpg|[[Kanak people|Kanak]] women
Rodéo cheval.JPG|[[Rodeo]]s (here at the annual fair of [[Bourail]]) are part of [[Caldoche]] culture.
</gallery>