Editing Neuroscience (section)

===Neuromorphic computer chips===
[[Neuromorphic engineering]] is a branch of neuroscience that deals with creating functional [[physical model]]s of neurons for the purposes of useful computation. The emergent computational properties of neuromorphic computers are fundamentally different from conventional computers in the sense that they are [[complex system|complex systems]], and that the computational components are interrelated with no central processor.<ref>{{cite web |first=Todd |last=Hylton |url=https://rebootingcomputing.ieee.org/images/files/pdf/4-rcs2-hylton_-_intro_to_neuromorphic_computing.pdf |title=Introduction to Neuromorphic Computing Insights and Challenges |publisher=Brain Corporation}}</ref>

One example of such a computer is the [[SpiNNaker]] supercomputer.<ref name="Calimera">{{cite journal |last1=Calimera |first1=A |last2=Macii |first2=E |last3=Poncino |first3=M |title=The Human Brain Project and neuromorphic computing. |journal=Functional Neurology |date=July 2013 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=191–6 |pmid=24139655|pmc=3812737 }}</ref>

Sensors can also be made smart with neuromorphic technology. An example of this is the [[Event Camera]]'s BrainScaleS (brain-inspired Multiscale Computation in Neuromorphic Hybrid Systems), a hybrid analog neuromorphic supercomputer located at Heidelberg University in Germany. It was developed as part of the [[Human Brain Project]]'s neuromorphic computing platform and is the complement to the SpiNNaker supercomputer, which is based on digital technology. The architecture used in BrainScaleS mimics biological neurons and their connections on a physical level; additionally, since the components are made of silicon, these model neurons operate on average 864 times (24 hours of real time is 100 seconds in the machine simulation) that of their biological counterparts.<ref>{{cite web|date=2016-03-21|title=Beyond von Neumann, Neuromorphic Computing Steadily Advances|url=https://www.hpcwire.com/2016/03/21/lacking-breakthrough-neuromorphic-computing-steadily-advance/|access-date=2021-10-08|website=HPCwire|language=en-US}}</ref>

Recent advances in [[neuromorphic]] microchip technology have led a group of scientists to create an artificial neuron that can replace real neurons in diseases.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/dec/03/bionic-neurons-could-enable-implants-to-restore-failing-brain-circuits |title=Bionic neurons could enable implants to restore failing brain circuits &#124; Neuroscience |work=The Guardian |date=2019-12-03 |accessdate=2021-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://interestingengineering.com/artificial-neuron-retains-electronic-memories |title=Scientists Create Artificial Neuron That Retains Electronic Memories |publisher=Interestingengineering.com |date=2021-08-06 |accessdate=2021-11-08}}</ref>