Editing Neurolinguistics (section)

====Stimulation====
[[Transcranial magnetic stimulation]] (TMS), a new noninvasive<ref name="mayo">{{cite web | url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation/MY00185/DSECTION=risks | publisher=[[Mayo Clinic]] | title=Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation - Risks | access-date=15 December 2008}}</ref> technique for studying brain activity, uses powerful magnetic fields that are applied to the brain from outside the head.<ref name="nami">{{cite web | url=http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Transcranial_Magnetic_Stimulation_(rTMS).htm | title=Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) | publisher=[[National Alliance on Mental Illness]] | access-date=15 December 2008 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108093742/http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Transcranial_Magnetic_Stimulation_(rTMS).htm | archive-date=8 January 2009 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>  It is a method of exciting or interrupting brain activity in a specific and controlled location, and thus is able to imitate aphasic symptoms while giving the researcher more control over exactly which parts of the brain will be examined.<ref name="nami"/>  As such, it is a less invasive alternative to [[Electrocorticography#DCES|direct cortical stimulation]], which can be used for similar types of research but requires that the subject's scalp be removed, and is thus only used on individuals who are already undergoing a major brain operation (such as individuals undergoing surgery for [[epilepsy]]).<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Journal of Neurosurgery | title=Neurons in human epileptic cortex. Response to direct cortical stimulation | year=1981 | volume=55 | issue=6 | pages=904&ndash;8 | author1=A.R. Wyler |author2=A.A. Ward, Jr | pmid=7299464 | doi=10.3171/jns.1981.55.6.0904}}</ref>  The logic behind TMS and direct cortical stimulation is similar to the logic behind aphasiology: if a particular language function is impaired when a specific region of the brain is knocked out, then that region must be somehow implicated in that language function.  Few neurolinguistic studies to date have used TMS;<ref name="phillipssakai"/> direct cortical stimulation and [[Electrocorticography|cortical recording]] (recording brain activity using electrodes placed directly on the brain) have been used with [[Macaque|macaque monkeys]] to make predictions about the behavior of human brains.<ref>{{cite journal | year=2005 | journal=[[Trends (journals)|Trends in Cognitive Sciences]] | last=Hagoort | first=Peter | pmid=16054419 | title=On Broca, brain, and binding: a new framework | volume=9 | issue=9 | doi=10.1016/j.tics.2005.07.004 | pages=416–23| hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1E16-A | s2cid=2826729 | hdl-access=free }}</ref>