Editing Navarre (section)

== Languages ==

[[File:Map Iberian Peninsula 1030-es.svg|thumb|''The Iberian Peninsula in 1030''. The first evidence of written [[Romance languages|Romance]] in central Spain and of written [[Basque language|Basque]] is in the [[Glosas Emilianenses]], from [[La Rioja (Spain)|La Rioja]], a territory that was part of Navarre for some time. The map shows [[Kingdom of Navarre|the Kingdom of Pamplona]] through the years 1029-1035.]]
Presently, Spanish is predominantly spoken in most of the autonomous community, except for north-eastern areas, where Basque continues to be the prevailing language. According to official statistics, Spanish is the mother tongue of 81.9% of the population, Basque is 5.7% of the population's mother tongue, and 3.8% of the population has both languages as their mother tongue while 6.1% of the population have another language as their [[Mother-tongue|mother tongue]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.navarra.es/AppsExt/GN.InstitutoEstadistica.Web/informacionestadistica.aspx?R=1&E=3 |title=Información estadística |trans-title=Statistics of Navarra from 2011 Census |year=2011 |access-date=24 February 2020 |work=Instituto de Estadística de Navarra |publisher=[[Gobierno de Navarra]] |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222045532/http://www.navarra.es/AppsExt/GN.InstitutoEstadistica.Web/InformacionEstadistica.aspx?R=1&E=3 |archive-date=22 February 2015}}</ref>

===Language shift===
The number of people that can speak Basque has increased in Navarre lately,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.noticiasdenavarra.com/ediciones/2008/10/08/sociedad/navarra/d08nav11.1382923.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107145952/http://www.noticiasdenavarra.com/ediciones/2008/10/08/sociedad/navarra/d08nav11.1382923.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-01-07|title=38% of new alums that arrive to UPNA from Bachillerato know Basque}}</ref> after a steady historic retreat. In 2011, 13.6% of the population in Navarre considered themselves to be speakers of Basque and another 14.5% considered themselves semi-speakers of Basque.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navarra.es/AppsExt/GN.InstitutoEstadistica.Web/DescargaFichero.aspx?Fichero=\web\agregados\3_sociedad\3_13_soc_perfil_ling\soc_perfiling_2011_conocimiento_ien.xls|title=Statistic Institute of Navarra.}}</ref> Historically, Basque is the ''lingua navarrorum'', as it appears in documents of the Middle Ages, such as a document by the king [[Sancho the Wise]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www1.euskadi.net/euskara_lingua/PDF/Euskadi/Ingles/eu_in_hi.pdf|title=Euskara|website=Euskadi|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref> The kingdom cemented its roots in the predominantly Basque-speaking domain of Pamplona and surrounding areas.<ref>{{cite book |last=Trask |first=Robert.L. |date=1996 |title=The History of Basque |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qUDaAAAAQBAJ&q=trask+basque+kingdom+of+navarre&pg=PA427 |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |page=427|isbn= 0-415-13116-2}}</ref> In the midst of contemporary scholarly debates on the existence of Navarre and its laws prior to the king's authority, the Navarrese author Garcia de Gongora states as follows in 1626:{{blockquote|Two languages are spoken across the kingdom, Basque and [[Spanish language|Romance]], but most properly the Cantabric [language] Basque, the original and most ancient, brought along by [[Origin of the Basques#Tubalism|its creator, the patriarch Tubal]], devoid of mingling with others; it has always been preserved there, except in the Ribera and the bordering areas of Castile and Aragon, where Romance is spoken.| García de Gongora (pseudonym of Juan Sada Amezqueta)<ref name="Monreal 55-61">{{cite book | author1 = Monreal, Gregorio| author2 = Jimeno, Roldan|year = 2012 | title = Conquista e Incorporación de Navarra a Castilla| publisher = Pamiela | location=Pamplona-Iruña|pages = 55–61 | isbn = 978-84-7681-736-0}}</ref>}}

[[José Moret]], chronicler of the kingdom, called Navarre and its bordering provinces "the lands of Basque", claiming also that Tubal founded the Kingdom of Navarre.<ref name="Monreal 55-61"/> However, Basque underwent a gradual erosion, accelerated following the conquest of the kingdom in the early 16th century due to the homogenizing push of the new Castilian authorities and the neglect of its own elites, among other reasons.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mikelarena Peña|first=Fernando|date=2003|title=La evolución demográfica de la población vascoparlante en Navarra entre 1553 y 1936|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=324143|journal=Fontes linguae vasconum: Studia et documenta|volume=92|pages=183–197|issn=0046-435X}}</ref> By 1778, 121,000 inhabitants out of 227,000 were Basque speakers, 53% of its population, still the largest amount of Basque speakers across [[Basque Country (greater region)|all Basque territories]]. However, the number of speakers dropped sharply in the 19th century. In 1936, Basque speakers accounted for a 17% of the total Navarrese population.<ref name=":1" />

Other languages have been spoken, but have disappeared, such as [[Navarro-Aragonese]], a Romance language that was spoken in the Middle Ages around the central part of the [[Ebro]] basin. Starting in the late 11th century, the influx of pilgrims and colonizers from Toulouse and surrounding areas (''Francs'') who settled in separate boroughs along the Way of Saint James rendered [[Occitan language|Occitan]] the status language of the kingdom up to early 14th century. [[Navarro-Aragonese]] became the written language in court and royal administration by 1329, when it reached official status.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=16134|title=Notas gráfico-fonéticas sobre la documentación medieval navarra|last=Cierbide|first=Ricardo|journal=Príncipe de Viana|year=1998|volume=59|issue=214|pages=523–534}}</ref> However, from the 15th century onwards the language grew closer to Castilian ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]) and eventually merged with it.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lugar de encuentro de lenguas y culturas|last=Herria|first=Euskal}}</ref> Other languages which at some point held a status or were spoken in certain communities and periods are [[Erromintxela language|Erromintxela]], [[French language|French]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], and [[Arabic]].

=== Linguistic division of the territory and legal consequences ===

[[File:Navarra - Zonificacion linguistica.png|thumb|Distribution by municipality of the Basque-speaking zone, mixed-speaking zone and the non-Basque speaking zone through the modification of 2017.]]
According to the 1978 Spanish constitution and the [[:es:Amejoramiento de Navarra|Amejoramiento del Fuero]], a Navarrese law establishing the basic institutional make-up of the chartered community of Navarre, Spanish is the official language of Navarre, while the [[Basque language]] is also the official language in Basque-Speaking areas. Unlike any other statutes in the Spanish autonomous communities owning a regional language, the Amejoramiento omits citing Basque as a specific language of its people or its consideration as part of the Navarrese heritage.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Vasconavarros |last=Esparza Zabalegi |first=Jose Mari |publisher=Txalaparta |year=2012 |isbn=9788415313-41-0 |location=Tafalla |pages=50–51}}</ref>

[[:es:Ley Foral del Euskera|The Statutory Law of Basque of 1986]] defined the above areas, creating the [[:es:Ley Foral del Euskera#Zona vascófona|''Basque-speaking zone'']], an area in northern Navarre in which Basque is the co-official language along with Spanish. This law recognizes Spanish and Basque as Navarre's ''lenguas propias'' (i.e. 'native languages'), according to the Foral Law 18/1986 of Basque.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |url=http://www.lexnavarra.navarra.es/detalle.asp?r=1822 |title=LEY FORAL 18/1986, DE 15 DE DICIEMBRE DEL EUSKERA |trans-title=Foral Law 18/1986 |issue=154 |date=17 December 1986 |access-date=24 February 2020 |language=es}}</ref> This law divides Navarre into three linguistically distinct areas, a ''[[:es:Ley Foral del Euskera#Zona vascófona|Basque-speaking zone]]'', where Basque is the dominant language, a ''[[:es:Ley Foral del Euskera#Zona vascófona|Mixed-speaking zone]]'', where Basque and Spanish are both dominant, and a ''[[:es:Ley Foral del Euskera#Zona vascófona|Non-Basque speaking zone]]'', where Spanish is the dominant language. In the latter, the public entities of Navarre are required to use only Spanish, but in the mixed area the use of Basque is also confined to certain position. The area of the municipalities belonging to the Basque-speaking and Mixed Basque and Spanish-speaking zones are the following:<ref name=":0" />

* '''Basque-speaking zone:''' [[:es:Abaurrea Alta|Abaurrea Alta]], [[:es:Abaurrea Baja|Abaurrea Baja]], [[Alsasua]], [[:es:Anué|Anué]], [[:es:Araiz|Araiz]], [[:es:Aranaz|Aranaz]], [[Arano, Navarre|Arano]], [[:es:Araquil|Araquil]], [[Arbizu]], [[Areso]], [[:es:Aria (Navarra)|Aria]], [[:es:Arive|Arive]], [[Arruazu]], [[:es:Bacáicoa|Bacáicoa]], [[:es:Basaburúa Mayor|Basaburúa Mayor]], [[Baztan, Navarre|Baztán]], [[:es:Beinza-Labayen|Beinza-Labayen]], [[:es:Bértiz-Arana|Bertiz-Arana]], [[Betelu]], [[Burguete]], [[:es:Ciordia|Ciordia]], [[:es:Areso|Donamaría]], [[:es:Echalar|Echalar]], [[:es:Echarri-Aranaz|Echarri Aranaz]], [[Elgorriaga]], [[:es:Erasun|Erasun]], [[:es:Ergoyena|Ergoyena]], [[Erro, Navarre|Erro]], [[Esteríbar]], [[:es:Ezcurra|Ezcurra]], [[:es:Garayoa|Garayoa]], [[Garralda]], [[:es:Goizueta (Navarra)|Goizueta]], [[:es:Huarte-Araquil|Huarte-Araquil]], [[:es:Imoz|Imoz]], [[Irañeta]], [[Ituren]], [[Iturmendi]], [[Lacunza]], [[Lantz, Navarre|Lantz]], [[:es:Larráun|Larráun]], [[:es:Leiza|Leiza]], [[Lesaca]], [[:es:Oiz (Navarra)|Oiz]], [[:es:Olazagutía|Olazagutía]], [[:es:Orbaiceta|Orbaiceta]], [[Orbara]], [[Roncesvalles]], [[Saldías, Navarre|Saldías]], [[:es:Santesteban|Santesteban]], [[:es:Sumbilla|Sumbilla]], [[Ulzama]], [[Urdax]], [[:es:Urdiáin|Urdiáin]], [[:es:Urroz de Santesteban|Urroz de Santesteban]], [[Valcarlos]], [[Vera de Bidasoa]], [[:es:Villanueva de Aézcoa|Villanueva de Aézcoa]], [[:es:Yanci|Yanci]], [[Zubieta]] and [[Zugarramurdi]].

Later, two more municipalities would be added that came from the Basque-speaking zone: [[:es:Lecumberri|Lecumberri]] and [[:es:Irurzun|Irurzun]].

* '''Mixed-speaking zone:''' [[Abárzuza]], [[Ansoáin]], [[Aoiz]], [[:es:Arce (Navarra)|Arce]], [[Atez]], [[Barañáin]], [[Burgui]], [[Burlada]], [[Ciriza]], [[Cendea de Cizur]], [[Echarri]], [[Echauri]], [[Valle de Egüés]], [[Ezcároz]], [[Esparza de Salazar]], [[Estella-Lizarra|Estella]], [[Ezcabarte]], [[Garde, Spain|Garde]], [[Goñi, Navarre|Goñi]], [[:es:Güesa|Güesa]], [[Guesálaz]], [[Huarte]], [[Isaba]], [[:es:Iza (Navarra)|Iza]], [[:es:Izalzu|Izalzu]], [[Jaurrieta]], [[Juslapeña]], [[Lezáun|Lezáu]], [[Lizoáin]], [[Ochagavía]], [[Odieta]], [[Oláibar]], [[Olza, Spain|Olza]], [[:es:Ollo (Navarra)|Ollo]], [[Oronz]], [[Oroz-Betelu]], [[Pamplona]], [[Puente la Reina]], [[Roncal – Erronkari|Roncal]], [[:es:Salinas de Oro|Salinas de Oro]], [[:es:Sarriés|Sarriés]], [[Urzainqui]], [[:es:Uztárroz|Uztárroz]], [[Vidángoz]], [[Vidaurreta]], [[Villava]], [[Yerri]], [[Zabalza]] and [[Zizur Mayor]].

As a consequence of the constitution of new municipalities, other municipalities would be added: [[Berrioplano]], [[Berriozar]], [[Orcoyen]] and [[Zizur Mayor]]. Moreover, in 2010 a legal modification granted four municipalities of [[Cuenca de Pamplona]] the power of incorporating into the ''Mixed-speaking zone'' if the absolute majority decided to be incorporated into the ''Mixed-speaking zone''. [[Aranguren]], [[Belascoáin]] and [[Galar, Spain|Galar]] decided to be incorporated into the ''Mixed-speaking zone'' while [[Noáin]] decided to remain in the ''Basque-speaking zone''.

One modification to the law implemented in June 2017 allowed municipalities from the ''Non-Basque speaking zone'' to become a part of the ''mixed zone 44'' ([[Abáigar]], [[:es:Adiós (Navarra)|Adiós]], [[Aibar]], [[Allín]], [[Améscoa Baja]], [[Ancín]], [[Añorbe]], [[Aranarache]], [[Arellano]], [[Artazu]], [[Bargota]], [[Beriáin]], [[Biurrun-Olcoz]], [[Cabredo]], [[Dicastillo]], [[Enériz]], [[Eulate]], [[:es:Gallués|Gallués]], [[Garínoain]], [[Izagaondoa]], [[Larraona]], [[Leoz]], [[Lerga]], [[:es:Lónguida|Lónguida]], [[Mendigorría]], [[Metauten]], [[Mirafuentes]], [[Murieta]], [[:es:Nazar (Navarra)|Nazar]], [[Obanos]], [[Olite]], [[Oteiza]], [[Pueyo, Navarre|Pueyo]], [[Sangüesa]], [[Tafalla]], [[:es:Tiebas|Tiebas]], [[Tirapu]], [[Unzué]], [[Ujué]], [[Urraúl Bajo]], [[:es:Urroz-Villa|Urroz-Villa]], [[Villatuerta]], [[Cirauqui]] and [[Zúñiga, Navarre|Zúñiga]]) and for [[Atez]] to pass from the ''Mixed-speaking zone'' to the ''Basque-speaking zone.''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.naiz.eus/es/actualidad/noticia/20170622/44-localidades-navarras-ganan-derechos-para-el-euskara-al-pasar-a-la-zona-mixta |title=44 Navarran Localities Win Rights for Basque language through 'mixed zone' |date=22 June 2017 |access-date=24 February 2020 |work=Naiz |language=es}}</ref>

* '''Non-Basque-speaking zone:''' This zone is composed of the remaining municipalities that are located predominantly towards the Southeast of the foral community where the Basque language is not commonly spoken by the population. However, more people have been speaking Basque in these communities and in present day, there are municipalities in which 10% of their inhabitants are bilingual or semi-bilingual in Basque and Spanish such as in [[Tafalla]], [[Sangüesa]] and [[Lumbier]]. In comparison, in Tafalla or Sanguesa's population those that speak or understand Basque well are 5% of the population or 10% en [[Lumbier]]. In other localities with [[ikastola]]s such as in [[:es:Fontellas (Navarra)|Fontellas]], [[Lodosa]] and [[Viana, Spain|Viana]] the bilingual population is around 2% and 8%, while those that speak or understand Basque well are 1% in [[:es:Fontellas (Navarra)|Fontellas]], 2% in [[Lodosa]] and 5% in [[Viana, Spain|Viana]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cfnavarra.es/estadistica/confindex.asp?i=Informaci%F3n+Estad%EDstica&p=seleccion.asp&d=agregados/poblacion/censos_padrones/censo_2001/indice_infor_esta.asp?clase=pobmunicipio |work=Institute for Statistics of Navarra |title=Censo de poblacion. Población y demografía. Cifras de población |access-date=24 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930075839/http://www.cfnavarra.es/estadistica/confindex.asp?i=Informaci%F3n+Estad%EDstica&p=seleccion.asp&d=agregados%2Fpoblacion%2Fcensos_padrones%2Fcenso_2001%2Findice_infor_esta.asp%3Fclase%3Dpobmunicipio |archive-date=30 September 2007 |language=es |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2006-2007 the schools that teach Basque in the ''Non-Basque speaking zone'' are assisted by the Department of Education of the government of Navarre.<ref>{{Cite news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927205800/http://www.noticiasdenavarra.com/ediciones/2006/11/15/sociedad/navarra/d15nav6.736246.php |newspaper=Diario de Noticias de Navarra |date=15 November 2006 |access-date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |title=El Consejo Escolar da su visto bueno final a la legalización de todas las ikastolas de Navarra |first=Jesús |last=Iribarren |language=Es |url=http://www.noticiasdenavarra.com/ediciones/2006/11/15/sociedad/navarra/d15nav6.736246.php}}</ref>

=== Denomination of local entities ===

The official denomination of Navarran municipalities and villages are regulated according to the ''Foral Basque Law.''<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.navarra.es/home_es/Navarra/272+Municipios/Informacion.htm |work=[[Navarra.es]] |title=Información sobre el buscador de Entidades Locales |access-date=24 February 2020 |language=es}}</ref> It distinguishes three different types of formulas:

* '''Unique denominations:''' the use of Basque in legal documents is the same when compared with Spanish independently. Examples: Lantz or Beintza-Labaien.
* '''Compounded denominations:''' They have a unique denomination formula formed from the Spanish and Basque toponyms in Spanish or Basque and are united by the symbol "-" or "/". Its use (the compounded denomination) is the same in Spanish as in Basque. Examples: Doneztebe/Santesteban, Orreaga/Roncesvalles, Estella-Lizarra.
* '''Double denominations:''' The toponym, in Basque or Spanish is dependent on the language and how it is used in the text. Examples: Pamplona <> Iruña, Villava <> Atarrabia, Aibar <> Oibar.

[[File:Navarra - Mapa densidad euskera 2001.svg|thumb|Percentage of people that speak Basque well (2001).]]

=== Basque dialects in Navarre ===

Basque in Navarre has various dialects (there are nine according to the classification of the General Basque Dictionary or the [[:es:Real Academia de la Lengua Vasca|Royal Academy of the Basque Language]]). According to the most recent classification of [[:es:Koldo Zuazo|Koldo Zuazo]], the most widespread dialect is [[Upper Navarrese dialect|Upper Navarrese]], spoken in the northern part of Navarre. In localities such as Basaburua Mayor, Imoz and other localities bordering Gipuzkoa, the dialect of Central Basque is spoken and in the central part of the Pyrenees in Navarre a variety of [[Navarro-Lapurdian dialect|Navarro-Lapurdian]] is spoken.

On the east of the Pyrenees in Navarre, the [[Roncalese dialect|Roncalese]] and [[Salazarese dialect]]s of Basque used to be spoken in the valleys of [[Roncal Valley|Roncal]] and [[Salazar Valley|Salazar]], but they disappeared near the end of the twentieth century; the last person who spoke the Roncalese dialect died in 1991 and in Salazar the language also disappeared because the last person who spoke it fluently died during the first years of the twenty-first century. Apart from dialects, sub-dialects from Basque also exist and there are also differences in vocabulary in local linguistic communities.

=== Linguistic traits of the Spanish spoken in Navarre ===

There are a number of features of Spanish as spoken in Navarre that are either exclusive to the area or shared only with neighbouring areas (mainly [[Aragón]] and [[La Rioja (Spain)|La Rioja]]), such as the predominance of the [[diminutive]] with ''-ico'' or the use of the conditional verb tense in place of the preterite of the subjunctive (for example, using ''podría'' instead of ''pudiera''). There are also differences in the vocabulary of Spanish speakers from Navarre,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Vocabulario navarro, Pamplona: Institución Príncipe de Viana, 1984 y Carmen Saralegui, Cristina Tabernero: Navarrismos en el diccionario de la Real Academia Española, Pamplona: Gobierno de Navarra, Departamento de Educación y Cultura, 2001|last=Irribaren|first=Jose María}}</ref> including the presence of words of Basque origin, which is in some cases due to a [[:es:Sustrato vasco en lenguas romances|Basque substrate]], or long-standing contact and commercial exchanges with areas of Navarre in which Basque is spoken.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/fll/0212999x/articulos/RFRM0202110015A.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070115205636/http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/fll/0212999x/articulos/RFRM0202110015A.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-01-15|title=Las fronteras de la lengua vasca a lo largo de la historia}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Chupinazo8.jpg|[[Sanfermines]] in Pamplona, Navarre
File:Ioaldunak 001.jpg|[[Joaldun]] feast in January
</gallery>