Editing Musical instrument classification (section)

====Indonesian====
{{see also|Gamelan#Instruments}}
{{Refimprove section|date=September 2022}}
Classifications done for the Indonesian ensemble, the [[gamelan]], were done by [[Jaap Kunst]] (1949), Martopangrawit, Poerbapangrawit, and Sumarsam (all in 1984).<ref name="Kartomi1990" /> Kunst described five categories: [[Balungan|nuclear theme]] (''cantus firmus'' in Latin and ''balungan'' ("skeletal framework") in Indonesian); [[Colotomy|colotomic]] (a word invented by Kunst, meaning "interpunctuating"), the gongs; countermelodic; paraphrasing (''panerusan''), subdivided as close to the nuclear theme and ornamental filling; agogic (tempo-regulating), drums.

R. Ng. Martopangrawit has two categories, irama (the rhythm instruments) and lagu (the melodic instruments), the former corresponds to Kunst's classes 2 and 5, and the latter to Kunst's 1, 3, and 4.

Kodrat Poerbapangrawit, similar to Kunst, derives six categories: ''balungan'', the ''saron'', ''demung'', and ''slenthem''; ''rerenggan'' (ornamental), the ''gendèr'', ''gambang'', and ''bonang''); ''wiletan'' (variable formulaic melodic), ''rebab'' and male chorus (''gerong''); ''singgetan'' (interpunctuating); ''kembang'' (floral), flute and female voice; jejeging wirama (tempo regulating), drums.

Sumarsam's scheme comprises
* an inner melodic group (''lagu'')(with a wide range), divided as
** elaborating (''rebab, gerong, gendèr'' (a metallophone), ''gambang'' (a xylophone), ''pesindhen'' (female voice), ''celempung'' (plucked strings), ''suling'' (flute));
** mediating ( between the 1st and 3rd subdivisions (bonang (gong-chimes), saron panerus(a loud metallophone); and
** abstracting (''balungan'', "melodic abstraction")( with a 1-octave range), loud and soft metallophones (''saron barung, demung'', and ''slenthem'');
* an outer circle, the structural group (gongs), which underlines the structure of the work;
* and occupying the space outside the outer circle, the ''kendang'', a tempo-regulating group (drums).

The gamelan is also divided into front, middle, and back, much like the symphony orchestra.

An orally transmitted Javanese taxonomy has 8 groupings:<ref name="Kartomi1990"/>
* ricikan dijagur ("instruments beaten with a padded hammer," e.g., suspended gongs);
* ricikan dithuthuk ("instruments knocked with a hard or semihard hammer," e.g., saron (similar to the glockenspiel) and gong-chimes);
* ricikan dikebuk ("hand-beaten instruments", e.g., [[kendhang]] (drum));
* ricikan dipethik ("plucked instruments");
* ricikan disendal ("pulled instruments," e.g., [[genggong]] (jaw harp with string mechanism));
* ricikan dikosok ("bowed instruments");
* ricikan disebul ("blown instruments");
* ricikan dikocok ("shaken instruments").

A Javanese classification transmitted in literary form is as follows:<ref name="Kartomi1990"/>
* ricikan prunggu/wesi ("instruments made of bronze or iron");
* ricikan kulit ("leather instruments", drums);
* ricikan kayu ("wooden instruments");
* ricikan kawat/tali ("string instruments");
* ricikan bambu pring ("bamboo instruments", e.g., flutes).

This is much like the pa yin. It is suspected of being old but its age is unknown.

[[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]] musicians (of West Sumatra) use the following taxonomy for ''bunyi-bunyian'' ("objects that sound"): ''dipukua'' ("beaten"), ''dipupuik'' ("blown), ''dipatiek'' ("plucked"), ''ditariek'' ("pulled"), ''digesek'' ("bowed"), ''dipusiang'' ("swung"). The last one is for the bull-roarer. They also distinguish instruments on the basis of origin because of sociohistorical contacts, and recognize three categories: Mindangkabau (''Minangkabau asli''), Arabic (''asal Arab''), and Western (''asal Barat''), each of these divided up according to the five categories. Classifying musical instruments on the basis sociohistorical factors as well as mode of sound production is common in Indonesia.<ref name="Kartomi1990"/>

The [[Batak]] of North Sumatra recognize the following classes: beaten (''alat pukul'' or ''alat palu''), blown (''alat tiup''), bowed (''alat gesek''), and plucked (''alat petik'') instruments, but their primary classification is of ensembles.<ref name="Kartomi1990"/>