Editing Murder (section)

==Religious attitudes==
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=== Abrahamic context ===
[[File:Thugs Strangling Traveller.jpg|thumb|210px|A group of [[Thugee|Thugs]] strangling a traveller on a highway in the early 19th century]]

In the [[Abrahamic religion]]s, the first ever murder was committed by [[Cain]] against his brother Abel out of [[jealousy]].<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327953.003.0002 |chapter=Envy in Jewish Thought and Literature |title=Envy |year=2008 |last1=Schimmel |first1=Solomon |pages=17–38 |isbn=978-0-19-532795-3 }}</ref> In the past, certain types of homicide were lawful and justified. Georg Oesterdiekhoff wrote:

{{blockquote|Evans-Pritchard says about the [[Nuer people|Nuer]] from Sudan: "Homicide is not forbidden, and Nuer do not think it wrong to kill a man in fair fight. On the contrary, a man who slays another in combat is admired for his courage and skill." ([[E. E. Evans-Pritchard|Evans-Pritchard]] 1956: 195) This statement is true for most African tribes, for pre-modern Europeans, for Indigenous Australians, and for Native Americans, according to ethnographic reports from all over the world. ... Homicides rise to incredible numbers among [[headhunting|headhunter]] cultures such as the [[New Guinea|Papua]]. When a boy is born, the father has to kill a man. He needs a name for his child and can receive it only by a man, he himself has murdered. When a man wants to marry, he must kill a man. When a man dies, his family again has to kill a man.<ref>{{cite book |first =Georg |last=Oesterdiekhoff|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Kr3P4bolLOAC&pg=PA169|title = The Steps of Man Towards Civilization|publisher= BoD – Books on Demand|pages=169–170|isbn= 978-3-8423-4288-0|year=2011}}</ref>}}

In many such societies the redress was not via a legal system, but by [[blood feud|blood revenge]], although there might also be a form of payment that could be made instead—such as the [[weregild]] which in early [[Germanic society]] could be paid to the victim's family [[in lieu]] of their right of revenge.

One of the oldest-known prohibitions against murder appears in the Sumerian [[Code of Ur-Nammu]] written sometime between 2100 and 2050 [[Before Christ|BC]]. The code states, "If a man commits a murder, that man must be killed."

=== Judaism and Christianity ===
The [[murder in the Bible|prohibition against murder]] is one of the [[Ten Commandments]] given by God to Moses in [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] {{bibleverse-nb||Exodus|20:2–17|HE}} and [[Book of Deuteronomy|Deuteronomy]] {{bibleverse-nb||Deuteronomy|5:6–21|HE}}, which are part of the scripture for both Jews and Christians.

=== In Islam ===
In [[Islam]] according to the [[Qur'an]], one of the [[Islamic views on sin|greatest sins]] is to kill a human being who has committed no fault.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shah |first=Sayed Sikandar |date=January 1999 |title=Homicide in Islam: Major Legal Themes |journal=[[Arab Law Quarterly]] |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=159–168 |doi=10.1163/026805599125826381 |jstor=3382001 }}</ref>

"Do not take a ˹human˺ life—made sacred by Allah—except with ˹legal˺ right." {{Qref|17|33|s=y|b=y}}

"That is why We ordained for the Children of Israel that whoever takes a life—unless as a punishment for murder or mischief in the land—it will be as if they killed all of humanity; and whoever saves a life, it will be as if they saved all of humanity." {{Qref|5|32|s=y|b=yl}}

"˹They are˺ those who do not invoke any other god besides Allah, nor take a ˹human˺ life—made sacred by Allah—except with ˹legal˺ right,<sup>1</sup> nor commit fornication. And whoever does ˹any of˺ this will face the penalty." {{Qref|25|68|s=y|b=y}}