Editing Munich Agreement (section)

==== First Vienna Award to Hungary ====
{{Main|First Vienna Award}}
[[File:Košice 11. november 1938.jpg|left|thumb|[[Admiral Horthy]] during the Hungarians' triumphant entry into [[Košice]], November 1938]]
[[File:Polská armáda vjíždí do Těšína - 1938.jpg|thumb|[[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] annexed the Trans-Olza area of Czechoslovakia inhabited by 36% of [[Polish minority in the Czech Republic|ethnic Poles]] in 1938.]]
[[File:Zaolzie karwina 1938.jpg|thumb|"For 600 years we have been waiting for you (1335–1938)." An ethnic Polish band welcoming the annexation of [[Trans-Olza]] by Poland in [[Karviná]], October 1938]]

In early November 1938, under the First Vienna Award, after the failed negotiations between Czechoslovakia and [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]], as a recommendation to settle the territorial disputes by the appendix of the Munich Agreement, the German-Italian arbitration required Czechoslovakia to cede southern Slovakia to Hungary, and Poland independently gained small territorial cessions shortly afterward (Trans-Olza).<ref>Anthony Komjathy, "The First Vienna Award (November 2, 1938)." ''Austrian History Yearbook'' 15 (1979): 130–156.</ref>

Bohemia, Moravia and [[Czech Silesia|Silesia]] lost about 38% of their combined area to Germany, with some 2.8&nbsp;million German and 513,000 to 750,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bruntal.net/2007072602-k-otazce-vysidleni-obcanu-csr-ze-sudet-tesinska-podkarpatske-rusi-a-slovenske-republiky-v-letech-1938-1939 |title=K otázce vysídlení občanů ČSR ze Sudet, Těšínska, Podkarpatské Rusi a Slovenské republiky v letech 1938/1939 |access-date=2 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141202131759/http://www.bruntal.net/2007072602-k-otazce-vysidleni-obcanu-csr-ze-sudet-tesinska-podkarpatske-rusi-a-slovenske-republiky-v-letech-1938-1939 |archive-date=2 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bohumildolezal.cz/texty/u074-08.htm|title=Fakta o vyhnání Čechů ze Sudet|website=bohumildolezal.cz|access-date=20 July 2019}}</ref> [[Czechs|Czech]] inhabitants. Hungary, in turn, received {{convert|11882|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in southern Slovakia and southern [[Carpathian Ruthenia]]. According to a 1941 census, about 86.5% of the population in the territory was [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]]. Slovakia lost {{convert|10390|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and 854,218 inhabitants for Hungary (according to a Czechoslovak 1930 census about 59% were Hungarians and 32% were [[Slovaks]] and Czechs<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forumhistoriae.sk/documents/10180/70153/hetenyi.pdf|title=Slovak-Hungarian border in the years 1938–1945|first1=Martin|last1=Hetényi|date=2008|access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref>). Poland annexed the town of [[Český Těšín]] with the surrounding area (some {{convert|906|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, with 250,000 inhabitants. Poles made up about 36% of the population, down from 69% in 1910<ref>Irena Bogoczová, Jana Raclavska. "Report about the national and language situation in the area around Czeski Cieszyn/Český Těšín in the Czech Republic." ''Czeski Cieszyn/Český Těšín Papers''. Nr 7, ''EUR.AC research''. November 2006. p. 2. (source: Zahradnik. "Struktura narodowościowa Zaolzia na podstawie spisów ludności 1880–1991." Třinec 1991).</ref>){{sfn|Siwek|n.d.}} and two minor border areas in northern Slovakia, more precisely in the regions [[Spiš]] and [[Orava (county)|Orava]]. ({{convert|226|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, 4,280 inhabitants, only 0.3% Poles).

Soon after Munich, 115,000 Czechs and 30,000 Germans fled to the [[Rump state|rump]] of Czechoslovakia. According to the Institute for Refugee Assistance, the actual count of refugees on 1 March 1939 stood at almost 150,000.<ref>[http://www.radio.cz/en/article/46238 Forced displacement of Czech population under Nazis in 1938 and 1943], [[Radio Prague]]</ref>

On 4 December 1938, elections in [[Reichsgau Sudetenland]] had 97.3% of the adult population vote for the [[Nazi Party]]. About half-a-million Sudeten Germans joined the Nazi Party, 17.3% of the German population in Sudetenland (the average NSDAP participation in Nazi Germany was 7.9%). Thus, the Sudetenland was the most "pro-Nazi" region in Nazi Germany.{{sfn|Zimmerman|1999}}

Because of their knowledge of Czech, many Sudeten Germans were employed in the administration of the [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]] as well as in Nazi organisations, such as the [[Gestapo]]. The most notable of them was [[Karl Hermann Frank]], SS and Police General and Secretary of State in the Protectorate.<ref>Valdis O. Lumans, "The Ethnic German Minority of Slovakia and the Third Reich, 1938–45." ''Central European History'' 15.3 (1982): 266–296.</ref>