Editing Millet (section)

== Uses ==

=== As food ===

In [[Ukraine]], millet was historically a common ingredient in the diet of the [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], in the form of a [[porridge]] called "[[kulish]]". This dish, primarily made with millet, served with stewed vegetables and meat, cooked in a cauldron, remains a part of modern [[Ukrainian cuisine]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kulish |url=https://ukrainefood.info/recipes/soups/28-kulish |website=Discover Ukraine |access-date=2 January 2025}}</ref> <!--In China, millet porridge is eaten without milk or sugar, frequently with beans, [[sweet potato]], and/or various types of [[squash (plant)|squash]].{{cn|date=December 2024}} --> In Germany, it is eaten sweet, for example with milk and berries for breakfast.<ref>{{cite web |title=Süßer Hirsebrei mit Milch und Beeren |url=https://eat.de/rezept/suesser-hirsebrei/ |website=eat.de |access-date=2 January 2025 |language=de |trans-title=Sweet Millet Porridge with Milk and Berries}}</ref> 
In [[Russia]], {{Interlanguage link|millet porridge|ru|3=пшённая каша}} also remains common and is promoted for its health benefits.<ref>{{cite web |title=Пшенная каша (4 секрета приготовления рассыпчатой каши) — Пошаговый рецепт приготовления с фото 2025 {{!}} Простые и вкусные рецепты в домашних условиях |trans-title=Millet porridge (4 secrets of making crumbly porridge) - Step-by-step recipe with photos 2025 {{!}} Simple and delicious recipes at home |url=https://www.edimdoma.ru/retsepty/42638-pshennaya-kasha-4-sekreta-prigotovleniya-rassypchatoy-kashi |website=EdimDoma.ru |date=14 September 2009}}</ref> Millet porridge made with pumpkin is particularly common. In the [[Lipetsk Oblast]] ritual and daily meals from millet include {{Lang|ru-latn|chichi}} ({{langx|ru|чичи}}). These are millet [[fritters]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Рязанские чичи, сыроеги и калинники |trans-title=Ryazan chichi, syryogi and viburnum |url=https://rv-ryazan.ru/ryazanskie-chichi-syroegi-i-kalinniki/ |website=Рязанские ведомости (Ryazan News) |language=ru |date=4 April 2019}}</ref>

Millet is the main ingredient in {{lang|vi|bánh đa kê}}, a Vietnamese sweet snack. It contains a layer of smashed millet and mungbean topped with sliced dried [[coconut]] meat wrapped in a crunchy rice cake.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dulich.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/dau-chan/ba-nh-da-ke-mo-n-qua-va-t-cu-a-nguo-i-ha-no-i-3467611.html |access-date=7 December 2018 |title=Bánh đa kê - món quà vặt của người Hà Nội |language=vi |trans-title=Rice paper rolls - a snack of Hanoi people}}</ref>  In parts of Africa millet is mixed with milk to make a drink, [[Brukina]].<ref name="ghanaweb.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Burkina-Latest-millet-smoothie-in-town-278294 |title=Burkina: Latest millet smoothie in town |website=www.ghanaweb.com |access-date=2019-06-22 |archive-date=2019-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622103555/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Burkina-Latest-millet-smoothie-in-town-278294 }}</ref>

[[Finger millet]] is made into ''[[ragi rotti]]'' flatbread<ref>{{cite news |title=Ragi Roti Recipe |url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/ragi-roti/rs57534900.cms |access-date=2 January 2025 |work=Times of India |date=4 December 2018}}</ref> and ''[[ragi mudde]]'' [[swallow (food)|dough lumps]] in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article1419117.ece |title=Ragi Sangati |date=2008-06-21 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=2016-03-25}}</ref> Dough lumps are eaten as [[Fura (food)|fura]] in the [[Sahel]] region of West Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-11 |title=Relish The Fulani's fura |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/relish-the-fulanis-fura/ |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=Tribune Online}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=160 heights=160>
File:Ragi Rotti & Chutney.jpg|''[[Ragi rotti]]'', finger millet flatbread, [[Karnataka]], India
File:RAGI MUDDE.JPG|''[[Ragi mudde]]'', dough lumps of finger millet
File:Awaokoshi 01.jpg|''{{visible anchor|Awaokoshi}}'', candied millet [[puffed grain|puffs]], are a specialty of [[Osaka]], Japan.
File:Bánh đa kê.jpg|Bánh đa kê, a specialty sweet snack in [[Hanoi]], Vietnam
File:Tongba.jpg|''[[Tongba]]'', a millet-based alcoholic brew from [[Nepal]] and [[Sikkim, India|Sikkim]]
</gallery>

=== Alcoholic beverages ===

In the Himalayas, including in Nepal, Sikkim, and Darjeeling, millet is fermented into [[Tongba]], an alcoholic drink.<ref>{{cite news |last=Easen |first=Nick |title=Mountain High |publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]
|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,596307,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015071154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,596307,00.html |archive-date=October 15, 2009 |access-date=2009-08-29 | date=2004-03-01}}</ref>

In India, alcoholic beverages including [[rakshi]] are produced from millets.<ref name="Kumar-2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Ashwani |last2=Tomer |first2=Vidisha |last3=Kaur |first3=Amarjeet |last4=Kumar |first4=Vikas |last5=Gupta |first5=Kritika |date=2018-04-27 |title=Millets: a solution to agrarian and nutritional challenges |journal=Agriculture & Food Security|volume=7|issue=1 |page=31 |doi=10.1186/s40066-018-0183-3 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018AgFS....7...31K }}</ref>

=== As forage ===

Millet is sometimes used as a [[forage crop]], to produce animal feed. Compared to forage sorghum, animals including [[sheep|lambs]] gain weight faster on millet, and it has better [[hay]] or [[silage]] potential, although it produces less dry matter.<ref name="Collett 2004"/> Millet does not contain toxic [[prussic acid]], sometimes found in sorghum.<ref name="Robson 2007"/> The rapid growth of millet as a [[grazing]] crop allows flexibility in its use. Farmers can wait until sufficient late spring / summer moisture is present and then make use of it.  It is ideally suited to [[irrigation]] where livestock finishing is required.<ref name="Collett 2004">{{cite web |last=Collett |first=Ian J. |title=Forage Sorghum and Millet |url=http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/146616/forage-sorghum-and-millet.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822230144/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/146616/forage-sorghum-and-millet.pdf |archive-date=2008-08-22 |url-status=live |work=District Agronomist, Tamworth |publisher=NSW Department of Primary Industries |access-date=7 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="Robson 2007">{{cite web |last=Robson |first=Sarah |title=Dr |url=http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/111190/prussic-acid-poisoning-in-livestock.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/111190/prussic-acid-poisoning-in-livestock.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |work=primefact 417, Prussic Acid Poisoning in Livestock |publisher=NSW Department of Primary Industries |access-date=7 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="Lonewood Trust">{{cite web |last=Lonewood Trust |url=http://aussiesapphire.com/documents/SHIROHIE_MILLET_GROWING_GUIDE.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://aussiesapphire.com/documents/SHIROHIE_MILLET_GROWING_GUIDE.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title = Shirohie Millet Growing Guide | access-date = 7 November 2013}}</ref>

=== Human consumption ===

Per capita consumption of millets as food varies in different parts of the world, with consumption being the highest in Western Africa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Millet Industry Statistics in Africa {{!}} SME Blue Pages |url=https://smebluepages.com/millet-industry-statistics-in-africa/ |access-date=2024-08-21}}</ref> In the Sahel region, millet is estimated to account for about 35 percent of total cereal food consumption in [[Burkina Faso]], [[Chad]] and the [[Gambia]]. In [[Mali]] and [[Senegal]], millets constitute roughly 40 percent of total cereal food consumption per capita, while in [[Niger]] and arid [[Namibia]] it is over 65 percent (see ''[[mahangu]]''). Other countries in Africa where millets are a significant food source include [[Ethiopia]], [[Nigeria]] and [[Uganda]]. Millet is also an important food item for the population living in the drier parts of many other countries, especially in eastern and central Africa, and in the northern coastal countries of western Africa. In developing countries outside Africa, millet has local significance as a food in parts of some countries, such as [[China]], [[India]], [[Burma]] and [[North Korea]].<ref name=fao1/>

People affected by [[gluten-related disorders]], such as [[coeliac disease]], [[non-celiac gluten sensitivity]] and [[wheat allergy]] sufferers,<ref name=LudvigssonLeffler2013>{{cite journal |last1=Ludvigsson |first1=Jonas F |last2=Leffler |first2=Daniel A |last3=Bai |first3=Julio C |last4=Biagi |first4=Federico |last5=Fasano |first5=Alessio |last6=Green |first6=Peter H R |last7=Hadjivassiliou |first7=Marios |last8=Kaukinen |first8=Katri |last9=Kelly |first9=Ciaran P |last10=Leonard |first10=Jonathan N |last11=Lundin |first11=Knut Erik Aslaksen |last12=Murray |first12=Joseph A |last13=Sanders |first13=David S |last14=Walker |first14=Marjorie M |last15=Zingone |first15=Fabiana |last16=Ciacci |first16=Carolina |display-authors=5 |title=The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms |journal=Gut |volume=62 |issue=1 |date=2013 |pmid=22345659 |pmc=3440559 |doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301346 |doi-access=free |pages=43–52 |url=https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/62/1/43.full.pdf |access-date=3 January 2025}}</ref><ref name=MulderWanrooij>{{cite journal |last1=Mulder |first1=Chris J.J. |last2=van Wanrooij |first2=R.L.J. |last3=Bakker |first3=S.F. |last4=Wierdsma |first4=N. |last5=Bouma |first5=G. |title=Gluten-Free Diet in Gluten-Related Disorders |journal=Digestive Diseases |volume=31 |issue=1 |date=2013 |doi=10.1159/000347180 |pages=57–62}}</ref><ref name=VoltaCaio2015>{{cite journal |last1=Volta |first1=Umberto |last2=Caio |first2=Giacomo |last3=De Giorgio |first3=Roberto |last4=Henriksen |first4=Christine |last5=Skodje |first5=Gry |last6=Lundin |first6=Knut E. |title=Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: A work-in-progress entity in the spectrum of wheat-related disorders |journal=Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology |volume=29 |issue=3 |date=2015 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2015.04.006 |pages=477–491}}</ref> who need a [[gluten-free diet]], can replace [[gluten]]-containing cereals in their diets with millet.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rai |first1=Sweta |last2=Kaur |first2=Amarjeet |last3=Singh |first3=Baljit |title=Quality characteristics of gluten free cookies prepared from different flour combinations |journal=Journal of Food Science and Technology |volume=51 |issue=4 |date=2014 |pmid=24741176 |pmc=3982011 |doi=10.1007/s13197-011-0547-1 |doi-access=free |pages=785–789 }}</ref> There remains a risk of contamination with [[gluten]]-containing cereals.<ref name="SaturniFerretti2010">{{cite journal |last1=Saturni |first1=Letizia |last2=Ferretti |first2=Gianna |last3=Bacchetti |first3=Tiziana |title=The Gluten-Free Diet: Safety and Nutritional Quality |journal=Nutrients |volume=2 |issue=1 |date=14 January 2010 |issn=2072-6643 |doi=10.3390/nu2010016 |doi-access=free |pages=16–34}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koerner |first1=Terence B. |last2=Cleroux |first2=Chantal |last3=Poirier |first3=Christine |last4=Cantin |first4=Isabelle |last5=La Vieille |first5=Sébastien |last6=Hayward |first6=Stephen |last7=Dubois |first7=Sheila |title=Gluten contamination of naturally gluten-free flours and starches used by Canadians with celiac disease |journal=Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A |volume=30 |issue=12 |date=2013 |doi=10.1080/19440049.2013.840744 |pages=2017–2021|pmid=24124879 }}</ref>

=== Nutrition ===

The table shows the nutrient content of the grains of different species of millet, raw, compared to other staples.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|+ Nutrient content of raw millets compared to other grains (per 100g)<ref name="millets-2009">{{cite book |last=Chattopadhyay |first=P. K. |url=https://www.niir.org/books/book/millet-production-processing-value-added-products-handbook/isbn-9788196915346/zb,,18bfb,a,23,0,a/index.html |title=Millet Production, Processing and Value-Added Products Handbook |publisher=NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES |isbn=978-81-969153-4-6 |location=India |date=2023 |page=536 |language=en |access-date=17 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
! Crop !! Protein<br/>(g) !! Fibre<br/>(g) !! Minerals<br/>(g) !! Iron<br/>(mg) !! Calcium<br/>(mg)
|-
| [[Sorghum]] || 10 || 4 || 1.6 || 2.6 || 54
|-
| [[Pearl millet]] || 10.6 || 1.3 || 2.3 || 16.9 || 38
|-
| [[Finger millet]] || 7.3 || 3.6 || 2.7 || 3.9 || 344
|-
| [[Foxtail millet]] || 12.3 || 8 || 3.3 || 2.8 || 31
|-
| [[Proso millet]] || 12.5 || 2.2 || 1.9 || 0.8 || 14
|-
| [[Kodo millet]] || 8.3 || 9 || 2.6 || 0.5 || 27
|-
| [[Little millet]] || 7.7 || 7.6 || 1.5 || 9.3 || 17
|-
| [[Barnyard millet]] || 11.2 || 10.1 || 4.4 || 15.2 || 11
|-
| [[Urochloa ramosa|Brown top millet]] || 11.5 || 12.5 || 4.2 || 0.65 || 0.01
|-
| [[Quinoa]] || 14.1 || 7 || * || 4.6 || 47
|-
| [[Teff]] || 13 || 8 || 0.85 || 7.6 || 180
|-
| [[Fonio]] || 11 || 11.3 || 5.31 || 84.8 || 18
|-
| [[Rice]] || 6.8 || 0.2 || 0.6 || 0.7 || 10
|-
| [[Wheat]] || 11.8 || 1.2 || 1.5 || 5.3 || 41
|}