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==References== ===Notes=== {{notelist}} ===Citations=== {{reflist}} ===Sources=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last1=Adamson |first1=Peter |last2=Taylor |first2=Richard C. |title=The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy |date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-49469-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iFMiAwAAQBAJ |language=en }} * {{cite web |author1=AHD staff |title=Existence |url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=existence&submit.x=58&submit.y=14 |website=American Heritage Dictionary |publisher=HarperCollins |access-date=10 August 2023 |date=2022 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811074250/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=existence&submit.x=58&submit.y=14 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Arif |title=Saul Kripke |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-4411-9399-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dkkdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |language=en |date=2010 }} * {{cite book |last1=Alston |first1=William P. |editor1-last=Alston |editor1-first=William P. |title=Realism and Antirealism |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-1-5017-2056-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4JNlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 |language=en |chapter=What Metaphysical Realism is not |date=2018 |pages=97–118 }} * {{cite book |last1=Andrea |first1=Alfred J. |last2=Overfield |first2=James H. |title=The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Volume I: To 1500 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-305-53746-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x5-aBAAAQBAJ |language=en |date=2015 }} * {{cite book |last1=Armstrong |first1=D. M. |title=The Mind-body Problem: An Opinionated Introduction |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-96480-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uf7EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94 |language=en |date=2018 }} * {{cite book |last1=Asay |first1=Jamin |title=A Theory of Truthmaking: Metaphysics, Ontology, and Reality |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-60404-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nRXeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |language=en |date=2020 }} * {{cite book |author1=Ásta |title=The Routledge Handbook of Collective Intentionality |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-76857-1 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315768571-27/social-kinds-%C3%A1sta |chapter=Social Kinds |date=2017 |pages=290–299 |doi=10.4324/9781315768571-27 |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326130932/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315768571-27/social-kinds-%C3%A1sta |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Audi |first1=Robert |editor1-last=Borchert |editor1-first=Donald M. |title=Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 7: Oakeshott – Presupposition |date=2006 |publisher=Thomson Gale, Macmillan Reference |isbn=978-0-02-865787-5 |edition=2. |chapter-url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/philosophy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214235128/https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/philosophy |archive-date=14 February 2022 |chapter=Philosophy |access-date=10 November 2023 |pages=325–337 }} * {{cite web |last1=Baldwin |first1=Tom |title=George Edward Moore |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moore/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=30 April 2024 |date=2010 }} * {{cite book |last1=Barua |first1=Arati |editor1-last=Barua |editor1-first=Arati |title=Schopenhauer on Self, World and Morality: Vedantic and Non-Vedantic Perspectives |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |isbn=978-981-10-5954-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mqVFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |language=en |chapter=Introducing Schopenhauer's Philosophy of the World, Self, and Morality in the Light of Vedantic and Non-Vedantic Wisdom |date=2018 |pages=1–10 }} * {{cite book |last1=Beaulieu |first1=Alain |last2=Kazarian |first2=Edward |last3=Sushytska |first3=Julia |editor1-last=Beaulieu |editor1-first=Alain |editor2-last=Kazarian |editor2-first=Edward |editor3-last=Sushytska |editor3-first=Julia |title=Gilles Deleuze and Metaphysics |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-7476-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d4PzBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |language=en |chapter=Introduction: Gilles Deleuze and Metaphysics |date=2014 |pages=1–16 }} * {{cite book |last1=Beebee |first1=Helen |last2=Dodd |first2=Julian |title=Truthmakers: The Contemporary Debate |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-928356-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l24TDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |language=en |date=2005 }} * {{cite book |last1=Bengtson |first1=Josef |title=Explorations in Post-Secular Metaphysics |date=2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-55336-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUHvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT35 |language=en }} * {{cite book |last1=Benovsky |first1=Jiri |title=Meta-metaphysics: On Metaphysical Equivalence, Primitiveness, and Theory Choice |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-25334-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KHWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 |language=en |date=2016 }} * {{cite web |last1=Berryman |first1=Sylvia |title=Ancient Atomism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atomism-ancient/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=25 March 2024 |date=2022 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502171318/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atomism-ancient/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Berthrong |first1=John H. |title=Neo-Confucian Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/neo-confucian-philosophy/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=31 March 2024 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206021859/https://iep.utm.edu/neo-confucian-philosophy/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Berto |first1=Francesco |last2=Jago |first2=Mark |title=Impossible Worlds |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/impossible-worlds/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=17 February 2024 |date=2023 |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210235859/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/impossible-worlds/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Bigelow |first1=John C. |chapter=Particulars |chapter-url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/particulars/v-1 |title=Routledge 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Anthony Blair |last2=Johnson |first2=Ralph H. |title=Informal Logic: An Overview |journal=Informal Logic |year=2000 |volume=20 |issue=2 |doi=10.22329/il.v20i2.2262 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/BLAILA-3 |access-date=29 December 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209195317/https://philpapers.org/rec/BLAILA-3 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |last1=Brenner |first1=Andrew |title=Mereological Nihilism and the Special Arrangement Question |journal=Synthese |volume=192 |issue=5 |doi=10.1007/s11229-014-0619-7 |date=2015 |pages=1295–1314 |url=https://philarchive.org/rec/BREMNA }} * {{cite book |last1=Broadbent |first1=Alex |title=Philosophy for Graduate Students: Metaphysics and Epistemology |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-39714-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_GSFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145 |language=en |date=2016 }} * {{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Christopher M. |title=Thomas Aquinas |url=https://iep.utm.edu/thomas-aquinas/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=31 March 2024 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313230317/https://iep.utm.edu/thomas-aquinas/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Brown |first1=James Robert |last2=Fehige |first2=Yiftach |title=Thought Experiments |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/thought-experiment/ |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=29 October 2021 |date=2019 |archive-date=21 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121022040/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/thought-experiment/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Brumbaugh |first1=Robert S. |title=Applied Metaphysics: Truth and Passing Time |journal=The Review of Metaphysics |date=1966 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=647–666 |jstor=20124133 |oclc=9970206403 |issn=0034-6632 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20124133 |access-date=21 March 2024 |archive-date=20 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320095143/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20124133 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Brzović |first1=Zdenka |title=Natural Kinds |url=https://iep.utm.edu/nat-kind/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313231945/https://iep.utm.edu/nat-kind/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Keith |editor1-last=Borchert |editor1-first=Donald M. |title=Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 7: Oakeshott – Presupposition |date=2006 |publisher=Thomson Gale, Macmillan Reference |isbn=978-0-02-865787-5 |edition=2. |chapter-url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/ontology |chapter=Ontology |access-date=21 March 2024 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129034430/https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/ontology |url-status=live |pages=21–27 }} * {{cite book |last1=Carroll |first1=John W. |last2=Markosian |first2=Ned |title=An Introduction to Metaphysics |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-82629-7 |edition=1 }} * {{cite web |last1=Casati |first1=Filippo |last2=Fujikawa |first2=Naoya |title=Existence |url=https://iep.utm.edu/existenc/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=7 August 2023 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810225105/https://iep.utm.edu/existenc/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Chai |first1=David |title=Dao Companion to Xuanxue 玄學 (Neo-Daoism) |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-49228-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LSAAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 |language=en |date=2020 }} * {{cite book |last1=Chalmers |first1=David J. |title=Metametaphysics: New Essays on the Foundations of Ontology |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-954604-6 |chapter=3. Ontological Anti-Realism |date=2009 |pages=77–129 }} * {{cite web |last1=Cohen |first1=S. Marc |last2=Reeve |first2=C. D. C. |title=Aristotle's Metaphysics |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-metaphysics/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=10 April 2024 |date=2021 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511050001/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-metaphysics/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Cook |first1=Roy T. |title=Dictionary of Philosophical Logic |date=2009 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-3197-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfaqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111 |language=en }} * {{cite journal |last1=Corkum |first1=Philip |title=Generality and Logical Constancy |journal=Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia |year=2015 |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=753–768 |doi=10.17990/rpf/2015_71_4_0753 |jstor=43744657 |issn=0870-5283 }} * {{cite web |last1=Cornell |first1=David |title=Material Composition |url=https://iep.utm.edu/mat-comp/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=25 March 2024 |archive-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325135146/https://iep.utm.edu/mat-comp/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Costa |first1=Damiano |title=Persistence in Time |url=https://iep.utm.edu/per-time/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817000848/https://iep.utm.edu/per-time/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Cowling |first1=Sam |chapter=Universals |chapter-url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/universals/v-2 |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=25 March 2024 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-N065-2 |date=2019 |isbn=978-0-415-25069-6 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329170813/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/universals/v-2 |url-status=live |publisher=Routledge }} * {{cite book |last1=Craig |first1=Edward |chapter=Metaphysics |chapter-url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/overview/metaphysics/v-1 |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Routledge |access-date=19 March 2024 |language=en |date=1998 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801213535/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/overview/metaphysics/v-1 |url-status=live |isbn=978-0-415-25069-6 }} * {{cite book |last1=Critchley |first1=Simon |title=Continental Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-157832-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syhsLJ1eMOEC&pg=PA31 |language=en |date=2001 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Dafermos |first1=Manolis |title=The Metaphysics of Psychology and a Dialectical Perspective |journal=Theory & Psychology |volume=31 |issue=3 |doi=10.1177/0959354320975491 |date=2021 |pages=355–374 }} * {{cite book |last1=Dainton |first1=Barry |title=Time and Space |publisher=Acumen Publishing |isbn=978-1-84465-190-0 |edition=2 |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/time-and-space/spatial-antirealism/CE284C8D3088AF598998951618D4867D |chapter=Spatial Anti-realism |date=2010 |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326184118/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/time-and-space/spatial-antirealism/CE284C8D3088AF598998951618D4867D |url-status=live |pages=245–266}} * {{cite web |last1=Dalal |first1=Neil |title=Śaṅkara |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/shankara/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=2 April 2024 |date=2021 |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127111736/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/shankara/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Daly |first1=Chris |chapter=To Be |editor-last1=Poidevin |editor-first1=Robin Le |editor-last2=Peter |editor-first2=Simons |editor-last3=Andrew |editor-first3=McGonigal |editor-last4=Cameron |editor-first4=Ross P. |title=The Routledge Companion to Metaphysics |date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-15585-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVh8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT290 |language=en |pages=225–233 }} * {{cite book |last1=Daly |first1=Christopher |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Philosophical Methods |date=2015 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-34455-7 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137344557_1 |language=en |chapter=Introduction and Historical Overview |pages=1–30 |doi=10.1057/9781137344557_1 |access-date=18 April 2022 |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501081115/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137344557_1 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Dancy |first1=R. 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LeRon |editor2-last=Powell-Jones |editor2-first=Lindsay |title=Deleuze and the Schizoanalysis of Religion |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-4742-6690-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKW5DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149 |language=en |chapter=Divine Differentials: The Metaphysics of Gilles Deleuze and Its Significance for Contemporary Theology |date=2016a |pages=145–162 }} * {{cite book |last1=Robinet |first1=Isabelle |editor1-last=Pregadio |editor1-first=Fabrizio |title=The Encyclopedia of Taoism |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79634-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3Sp6TfzhpIC&pg=PA274 |language=en |chapter=Chongxuan |date=2013 |pages=274–276}} * {{cite journal |last1=Rodriguez-Pereyra |first1=Gonzalo |title=What Is the Problem of Universals? |journal=Mind |volume=109 |issue=434 |doi=10.1093/mind/109.434.255 |date=2000 |pages=255–273 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Rodriguez-Pereyra |first1=Gonzalo |title=Truthmakers |journal=Philosophy Compass |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.1111/j.1747-9991.2006.00018.x |date=2006 |pages=186–200 }} * {{cite book |last1=Romero |first1=Gustavo E. |title=Scientific Philosophy |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-97631-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5wJ2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 |language=en |date=2018 }} * {{cite web |last1=Ruzsa |first1=Ferenc |title=Sankhya |url=https://iep.utm.edu/sankhya/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=30 March 2024 |archive-date=19 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519113815/https://www.iep.utm.edu/sankhya/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Shaffer |first1=Michael J. |title=The Problem of Necessary and Sufficient Conditions and Conceptual Analysis |journal=Metaphilosophy |date=2015 |volume=46 |issue=4/5 |pages=555–563 |doi=10.1111/meta.12158 |jstor=26602327 |s2cid=148551744 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26602327 |issn=0026-1068 |access-date=15 February 2022 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213133747/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26602327 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Shapiro |first1=Stewart |last2=Kouri Kissel |first2=Teresa |title=Classical Logic |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-classical/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=15 August 2023 |date=2022 |archive-date=3 May 1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980503005350/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-classical/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Shun'ei |first1=Tagawa |title=Living Yogacara: An Introduction to Consciousness-Only Buddhism |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-86171-895-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1C4qAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |language=en |date=2014 }} * {{cite book |last1=Sider |first1=Theodore |title=Metametaphysics: New Essays on the Foundations of Ontology |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-954604-6 |chapter=13. Ontological Realism |date=2009 |pages=384–423 }} * {{cite book |last1=Simons |first1=Peter |editor1-last=Kanzian |editor1-first=Christian |title=Persistence |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-032705-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql27m77IveQC&pg=PA166 |language=en |chapter=The Thread of Persistence |date=2013 |pages=165–184 }} * {{cite book |last1=Sleigh |first1=R. 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August 2024 |date=2023 }} * {{cite book |last1=Stern |first1=Robert |editor1-last=Beiser |editor1-first=Frederick C. |title=The Cambridge Companion to Hegel and Nineteenth-Century Philosophy |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-82718-8 |language=en |chapter=Hegel's Idealism |date=2008 |pages=135–173 }} * {{cite web |last1=Stern |first1=Robert |last2=Cheng |first2=Tony |title=Transcendental Arguments |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/transcendental-arguments/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=17 March 2024 |date=2023 }} * {{cite book |last1=Stuart |first1=David |title=Practical Ontologies for Information Professionals |publisher=Facet Publishing |isbn=978-1-78330-062-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awYUDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |language=en |date=2016 }} * {{cite web |last1=Stubenberg |first1=Leopold |last2=Wishon |first2=Donovan |title=Neutral Monism 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{{cite book |last1=Taminiaux |first1=Jacques |title=Heidegger and the Project of Fundamental Ontology |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-2179-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kcJzeXpHctYC&pg=PA154 |language=en |date=1991 }} * {{cite web |last1=Thomasson |first1=Amie |title=Categories |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/categories/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=20 March 2024 |date=2022 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008154635/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/categories/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Timpe |first1=Kevin |title=Free Will |url=https://iep.utm.edu/freewill/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=28 March 2024 |archive-date=6 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406052436/https://www.iep.utm.edu/freewill/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Turner 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|archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916103726/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/metaphysics/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Van Miltenburg |first1=Niels |title=Causality, Determination and Free Will: Towards an Anscombean Account of Free Action |journal=Synthese |volume=200 |issue=4 |doi=10.1007/s11229-022-03700-3 |date=2022 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite web |last1=Varzi |first1=Achille |title=Mereology |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mereology/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=25 March 2024 |date=2019 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928232840/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mereology/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Velez |first1=Abraham |title=Buddha |url=https://iep.utm.edu/buddha/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=30 March 2024 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204123126/https://iep.utm.edu/buddha/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Vihvelin |first1=Kadri |title=Arguments for Incompatibilism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/incompatibilism-arguments/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=1 May 2024 |date=2022 }} * {{cite book |last1=Wang |first1=Yueqing |last2=Bao |first2=Qinggang |last3=Guan |first3=Guoxing |title=History of Chinese Philosophy Through Its Key Terms |publisher=Nanjing University Press |isbn=978-981-15-2572-8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSfXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |language=en |chapter=1. Way (Dao, 道) |date=2020 |pages=1–18 }} * {{cite book |last1=Wardy |first1=Robert |chapter=Categories |chapter-url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/categories/v-1 |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Routledge |access-date=22 March 2024 |language=en |date=1998 |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-N005-1 |isbn=978-0-415-25069-6 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322183105/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/categories/v-1 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Waxman |first1=Wayne |editor1-last=Borchert |editor1-first=Donald M. |title=The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 4: Gadamer – Just War Theory |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-02-865784-5 |edition=2 |chapter=David Hume (1711–1776) |date=2006 |chapter-url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy-biographies/david-hume |pages=486–514 }} * {{cite web |last1=Weatherson |first1=Brian |title=The Problem of the Many |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/problem-of-many/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=19 November 2024 |date=2023 }} * {{cite web |last1=Weisberg |first1=Josh |title=Hard Problem of Consciousness |url=https://iep.utm.edu/hard-problem-of-conciousness/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719172212/https://iep.utm.edu/hard-problem-of-conciousness/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Wheeler |first1=Michael |title=Martin Heidegger |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heidegger/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=11 August 2024 |date=2020 }} * {{cite book |last1=White |first1=Alan |title=Methods of Metaphysics |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-51427-2 |language=en }} * {{cite web |last1=Wiland |first1=Eric |last2=Driver |first2=Julia |title=Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/anscombe/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=23 November 2024 |date=2022 }} * {{cite web |last1=Wildberg |first1=Christian |title=Neoplatonism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/neoplatonism/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=22 November 2024 |date=2021 }} * {{cite book |last1=Willaschek |first1=Marcus |author-link1=Marcus Willaschek |title=Kant on the Sources of Metaphysics: The Dialectic of Pure Reason |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-59607-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmjtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |language=en |date=2018 }} * {{cite book |last1=Williamson |first1=John |editor1-last=Beebee |editor1-first=Helen |editor2-last=Hitchcock |editor2-first=Christopher |editor3-last=Menzies |editor3-first=Peter |title=The Oxford Handbook of Causation |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-162946-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWWEIvNgUQ4C&pg=PA186 |language=en |chapter=Probabilistic Theories |date=2012 |pages=185–212}} * {{cite journal |last1=Wilsch |first1=Tobias |title=Sophisticated Modal Primitivism |journal=Philosophical Issues |date=2017 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=428–448 |doi=10.1111/phis.12100 }} * {{cite book |last1=Wood |first1=Allen W. |editor1-last=Kim |editor1-first=Jaekwon |editor2-last=Sosa |editor2-first=Ernest |editor3-last=Rosenkrantz |editor3-first=Gary S. |title=A Companion to Metaphysics |date=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-0853-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i7PG-Vk824UC&pg=PA354 |language=en |chapter=Kantianism |pages=353–358 }} * {{cite book |last1=Wu |first1=Guo |title=An Anthropological Inquiry Into Confucianism: Ritual, Emotion, and Rational Principle |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-7936-5432-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zRVmEAAAQBAJ |language=en |date=2022 }} {{Refend}}
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