Editing Marc Chagall (section)

====Ceiling of the Paris Opera (1963)====

In 1963, Chagall was commissioned to paint the new ceiling for the Paris Opera ([[Palais Garnier]]), a majestic 19th-century building and national monument. [[André Malraux]], France's Minister of Culture wanted something unique and decided Chagall would be the ideal artist. However, this choice of artist caused controversy: some objected to having a Russian Jew decorate a French national monument; others disliked the ceiling of the historic building being painted by a modern artist. Some magazines wrote condescending articles about Chagall and Malraux, about which Chagall commented to one writer:

{{quote|They really had it in for me... It is amazing the way the French resent foreigners. You live here most of your life. You become a naturalized French citizen... work for nothing decorating their cathedrals, and still they despise you. You are not one of them.<ref name=Teshuva/>{{rp|196}} }}

Nonetheless, Chagall continued the project, which took the 77-year-old artist a year to complete. The final canvas was nearly 2,400 square feet (220 sq. meters) and required {{convert|440|lb|kg}} of paint. It had five sections which were glued to polyester panels and hoisted up to the {{convert|70|ft|m|adj=on}} ceiling. The images Chagall painted on the canvas paid tribute to the composers [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], [[Richard Wagner|Wagner]], [[Modest Mussorgsky|Mussorgsky]], [[Hector Berlioz|Berlioz]] and [[Maurice Ravel|Ravel]], as well as to famous actors and dancers.<ref name=Teshuva/>{{rp|199}}

It was presented to the public on 23 September 1964 in the presence of Malraux and 2,100 invited guests. The Paris correspondent for the ''New York Times'' wrote, "For once the best seats were in the uppermost circle:<ref name=Teshuva/>{{rp|199}} Baal-Teshuva writes:

{{quote|To begin with, the big crystal chandelier hanging from the centre of the ceiling was unlit... the entire ''[[corps de ballet]]'' came onto the stage, after which, in Chagall's honour, the opera's orchestra played the finale of the "[[Symphony No. 41 (Mozart)|Jupiter Symphony]]" by Mozart, Chagall's favorite composer. During the last bars of the music, the chandelier lit up, bringing the artist's ceiling painting to life in all its glory, drawing rapturous applause from the audience.<ref name=Teshuva/>{{rp|199}} }}

After the new ceiling was unveiled, "even the bitterest opponents of the commission seemed to fall silent", writes Baal-Teshuva. "Unanimously, the press declared Chagall's new work to be a great contribution to French culture." Malraux later said, "What other living artist could have painted the ceiling of the Paris Opera in the way Chagall did?... He is above all one of the great colourists of our time... many of his canvases and the Opera ceiling represent sublime images that rank among the finest poetry of our time, just as [[Titian]] produced the finest poetry of his day."<ref name=Teshuva/>{{rp|199}} In Chagall's speech to the audience he explained the meaning of the work:

{{quote|Up there in my painting I wanted to reflect, like a mirror in a bouquet, the dreams and creations of the singers and musicians, to recall the movement of the colourfully attired audience below, and to honour the great opera and ballet composers... Now I offer this work as a gift of gratitude to France and her [[École de Paris]], without which there would be no colour and no freedom.<ref name=Harshav/>{{rp|151}} }}