Editing Manx language (section)

=== Morphology ===
==== Initial consonant mutations ====
Like all modern Celtic languages, Manx shows [[consonant mutation#Celtic languages|initial consonant mutation]]s, which are processes by which the initial consonant of a word is altered according to its [[morphology (linguistics)|morphological]] and/or [[syntax|syntactic]] environment.<ref>Broderick 1984–86, 1:7–21; 1993, 236–39; Thomson 1992, 132–35</ref> Manx has two mutations: '''[[lenition]]''' and '''[[eclipsis]]''', found on nouns and verbs in a variety of environments; adjectives can undergo lenition but not eclipsis. In the late spoken language of the 20th century the system was breaking down, with speakers frequently failing to use mutation in environments where it was called for, and occasionally using it in environments where it was not called for.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Initial consonant mutations in Manx
! colspan="2" |Unmutated
! colspan="2" |Lenition
! colspan="2" |Eclipsis
|-
!Sp.
! IPA 
!Sp.!! IPA 
!Sp.!! IPA
|-
|p
| {{IPA|/p/}} 
|ph|| {{IPA|/f/}} 
|b|| {{IPA|/b/}}<ref name="unatt">Not attested in the late spoken language (Broderick 1984–86, 3:66)</ref>
|-
|t(h)
| {{IPA|/t̪/}} 
|h|| {{IPA|/h/, /x/}}
|d(h)|| {{IPA|/d̪/}}
|-
|çh
| {{IPA|/tʲ~tɕ/}}
|h|| {{IPA|/h/, /xʲ/}}
|j|| {{IPA|/dʲ/}}<ref name="unatt" />
|-
|c, k
| {{IPA|/kʲ/}} 
|ch|| {{IPA|/xʲ/}} 
|g|| {{IPA|/ɡʲ/}}<ref name="unatt" />
|-
|c, k<br />qu
| {{IPA|/k/}}<br />{{IPA|/kw/}} 
| ch<br />wh
|| {{IPA|/x/, /h/}}<br />{{IPA|/hw/}} 
|g<br />gu
|| {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
|-
|b<br />bw
| {{IPA|/b/}}<br />{{IPA|/bw/}} 
|b<br />w
|| {{IPA|/v/}}<br />{{IPA|/w/}} 
|m<br />mw
|| {{IPA|/m/}}<ref name="unatt" /><br />{{IPA|/mw/}}<ref name="unatt" />
|-
|d(h)
| {{IPA|/d̪/}} 
|gh|| {{IPA|/ɣ/, /w/}} 
|n|| {{IPA|/n/}}<ref name="unatt" />
|-
|j
| {{IPA|/dʲ~dʑ/}}
|gh, y|| {{IPA|/ɣʲ/, /j/}} 
|n|| {{IPA|/nʲ/}}
|-
|g
| {{IPA|/ɡʲ/}} 
|gh, y|| {{IPA|/ɣʲ/, /j/}} 
|ng|| {{IPA|/ŋ/}}?<ref name="unatt" />
|-
|m<br />mw || {{IPA|/m/}}<br />{{IPA|/mw/}} 
|v<br />w
| {{IPA|/v/}}<br />{{IPA|/w/}}
| colspan="2" align="center" {{N/A}}
|-
|f<br />fw
| {{IPA|/f/}}<br />{{IPA|/fw/}} 
|∅<br />wh
|| ∅<br />{{IPA|/hw/}} 
|v<br />w
|| {{IPA|/v/}}<ref name="unatt" /><br />{{IPA|/w/}}<ref name="unatt" />
|-
|s<br />sl<br />sn
| {{IPA|/s/}}<br />{{IPA|/sl/}}<br />{{IPA|/snʲ/}} 
|h<br />l<br />n
|| {{IPA|/h/}}<br />{{IPA|/l/}}<br />{{IPA|/nʲ/}} 
| colspan="2" align="center" {{N/A}}
|-
|sh
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}} 
|h|| {{IPA|/h/, /xʲ/}}
| colspan="2" align="center" {{N/A}}
|}

<references group="*" />
In the corpus of the late spoken language, there is also one example of the eclipsis (nasalisation) of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}: the sentence {{lang|gv|Ta mee er '''ng'''eddyn yn eayn}} ("I have found the lamb"), where {{Angle bracket|ng}} is pronounced {{IPA|/n/}}. However, probably this was a mis-transcription; the verbal noun in this case is not {{lang|gv|geddyn}} "get, fetch", but rather {{lang|gv|feddyn}} "find".<ref>(Broderick 1984–86 2:190, 3:66).</ref>

==== Nouns ====
Manx nouns display gender, number and sometimes case, for instance, for feminine {{lang|gv|cass}} "foot".

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
! Nominative
|{{lang|gv|cass}}
|{{lang|gv|cassyn}}
|-
! Vocative
|{{lang|gv|chass}}
|{{lang|gv|chassyn}}
|-
!Genitive
|{{lang|gv|coshey}}
|{{lang|gv|cassyn}}
|}

==== Pronouns ====
In addition to regular forms, personal pronouns also have emphatic versions.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Manx personal pronouns
|-
! colspan="3" |
!Regular
!Emphatic
|-
! rowspan="4" | Singular
! colspan="2" | 1st person
|{{lang|gv|mee}}
|{{lang|gv|mish}}
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd person
|{{lang|gv|oo}}
|{{lang|gv|uss}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 3rd<br />person
!masculine
|{{lang|gv|eh}}
|{{lang|gv|eshyn}}
|-
!feminine
|{{lang|gv|ee}}
|{{lang|gv|ish}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="2" | 1st person
|{{lang|gv|shin}}
|{{lang|gv|shinyn}}
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd person
|{{lang|gv|shiu}}
|{{lang|gv|shiuish}}
|-
! colspan="2" | 3rd person
|{{lang|gv|ad}}
|{{lang|gv|adsyn}}
|}

==== Verbs ====
Manx verbs generally form their [[finite verb|finite]] forms by means of [[periphrasis]]: inflected forms of the [[auxiliary verb]]s {{lang|gv|ve}} "to be" or {{lang|gv|jannoo}} "to do" are combined with the [[verbal noun]] of the main verb. Only the [[future tense|future]], [[conditional tense|conditional]], [[preterite]], and [[imperative mood|imperative]] can be formed directly by inflecting the main verb, but even in these tenses, the periphrastic formation is more common in Late Spoken Manx.<ref>Broderick 1984–86, 75–82; 1993, 250, 271; Thomson 1992, 122</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Manx finite verb forms
|-
! Tense
! Periphrastic form<br />(literal translation)
! Inflected form
! Gloss
|-
! Present
| {{lang|gv|ta mee tilgey}}<br />(I am throwing)
| –
| I throw
|-
! Imperfect
| {{lang|gv|va mee tilgey}}<br />(I was throwing)
| –
| I was throwing
|-
! Perfect
| {{lang|gv|ta mee er jilgey}}<br />(I am after throwing)<ref name="er">The particle {{lang|gv|er}} is identical in form to the preposition {{lang|gv|er}} "on"; however, it is etymologically distinct, coming from Old Irish {{lang|sga|íar}} "after" (Williams 1994, 725).</ref>
| –
| I have thrown
|-
! Pluperfect
| {{lang|gv|va mee er jilgey}}<br />(I was after throwing)<ref name="er" />
| –
| I had thrown
|-
! Preterite
| {{lang|gv|ren mee tilgey}}<br />(I did throwing)
| {{lang|gv|hilg mee}}
| I threw
|-
! Future
| {{lang|gv|neeym tilgey}}<br />(I will do throwing)
| {{lang|gv|tilgym}}
| I will throw
|-
! Conditional
| {{lang|gv|yinnin tilgey}}<br />(I would do throwing)
| {{lang|gv|hilgin}}
| I would throw
|-
! Imperative
| {{lang|gv|jean tilgey}}<br />(Do throwing!)
| {{lang|gv|tilg}}
| Throw!
|-
!Past participle
|–
|{{lang|gv|tilgit}}
|thrown
|}

The fully inflected forms of the regular verb {{lang|gv|tilgey}} "to throw" are as follows. In addition to the forms below, a past participle may be formed using {{lang|gv|-it}}: {{lang|gv|tilgit}} "thrown".
{| class="wikitable"
|+Inflection of a regular Manx verb
!Tense
!Independent
!Dependent
!Relative
|-
!Preterite
|{{lang|gv|hilg}}
|(same as independent)
|
|-
!Future
|{{lang|gv|tilgym}}<sup>[[Template:Ref label|[1]]]</sup>, {{lang|gv|tilgmayd}}<sup>[[Template:Ref label|[2]]]</sup>, {{lang|gv|tilgee}}<sup>[[Template:Ref label|[3]]]</sup>
|{{lang|gv|dilgym<sup>[[Template:Ref label|[1]]]</sup>, dilgmayd<sup>[[Template:Ref label|[2]]]</sup>, dilgee<sup>[[Template:Ref label|[3]]]</sup>}}
|{{lang|gv|tilgys}}
|-
!Conditional
|{{lang|gv|tilgin}}<sup>[[Template:Ref label|[1]]]</sup>, {{lang|gv|tilgagh}}<sup>[[Template:Ref label|[3]]]</sup>
|{{lang|gv|dilgin}}<sup>[[Template:Ref label|[1]]]</sup>, {{lang|gv|dilgagh}}<sup>[[Template:Ref label|[3]]]</sup>
|
|-
!Imperative
|{{lang|gv|tilg}}<sup>[[Template:Ref label|[4]]]</sup>, {{lang|gv|tilg-jee}}<sup>[[Template:Ref label|[5]]]</sup>
|(same as independent)
|
|}
1.'''[[template:Ref label|^]]''' First person singular, making the use of a following subject pronoun redundant

2.'''[[template:Ref label|^]]''' First person plural, making the use of a following subject pronoun redundant

3.'''[[template:Ref label|^]]''' Used with all other persons, meaning an accompanying subject must be stated, e.g. {{lang|gv|tilgee eh}} "he will throw", {{lang|gv|tilgee ad}} "they will throw"

4.'''[[template:Ref label|^]]''' Singular subject.

5.'''[[template:Ref label|^]]''' Plural subject.

There are a few peculiarities when a verb begins with a vowel, i.e. the addition of {{lang|gv|d'}} in the preterite and {{lang|gv|n'}} in the future and conditional dependent. Below is the conjugation of {{lang|gv|aase}} "to grow".

There is a small number of irregular verbs, the most irregular of all being {{lang|gv|ve}} "be".
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Forms of verb {{lang|gv|ve}} "to be"
|-
! Form
! Independent
! Dependent
!Relative
|-
! Present
| {{lang|gv|ta}}
| {{lang|gv|vel, nel}}
|–
|-
!Preterite
|{{lang|gv|va}}
|{{lang|gv|row}}
|–
|-
! Future
| {{lang|gv|bee'm, beemayd, bee}}
| (same as independent)
|vees
|-
! Conditional
|{{lang|gv|veign, veagh}}
| {{lang|gv|beign, beagh}}
|–
|-
!Imperative
|{{lang|gv|bee}}
|(same as independent)
|–
|}

==== Prepositions ====
Like the other [[Insular Celtic languages]], Manx has [[inflected preposition]]s, contractions of a [[preposition]] with a [[pronoun|pronominal]] direct object, as the following common prepositions show. Note the sometimes identical form of the uninflected preposition and its third person singular masculine inflected form.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Conjugation of Manx prepositions using pronominal ending
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="2" | 2nd person
! colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! rowspan="2" | singular || rowspan="2" | plural
! rowspan="2" | singular || rowspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular || rowspan="2" | plural
|-
! masculine
! feminine
|-
! {{lang|gv|ayns}} "in"
| {{lang|gv|aynym}}
| {{lang|gv|ayn, ayndooin}}
| {{lang|gv|aynyd}}
| {{lang|gv|ayndiu}}
| {{lang|gv|ayn}}
| {{lang|gv|aynjee}}
| {{lang|gv|ayndoo, ayndaue}}
|-
! {{lang|gv|da}} "to"
| {{lang|gv|dou}}
| {{lang|gv|dooin}}
| {{lang|gv|dhyt}}
| {{lang|gv|diu}}
| {{lang|gv|da}}
| {{lang|gv|jee}}
| {{lang|gv|daue}}
|-
! {{lang|gv|ec}} "at"
| {{lang|gv|aym}}
| {{lang|gv|ain}}
| {{lang|gv|ayd}}
| {{lang|gv|orroo}}
| {{lang|gv|echey}}
| {{lang|gv|eck}}
| {{lang|gv|oc}}
|-
! {{lang|gv|er}} "on"
| {{lang|gv|orrym}}
| {{lang|gv|orrin}}
| {{lang|gv|ort}}
| {{lang|gv|erriu}}
| {{lang|gv|er}}
| {{lang|gv|urree}}
| {{lang|gv|orroo}}
|-
! {{lang|gv|lesh}} "with"
| {{lang|gv|lhiam}}
| {{lang|gv|lhien}}
| {{lang|gv|lhiat}}
| {{lang|gv|lhiu}}
| {{lang|gv|lesh}}
| {{lang|gv|lhee}}
| {{lang|gv|lhieu}}
|-
! {{lang|gv|veih, voish}} "from"
| {{lang|gv|voym}}
| {{lang|gv|voin}}
| {{lang|gv|voyd}}
| {{lang|gv|veue}}
| {{lang|gv|voish, veih}}
| {{lang|gv|voee}}
| {{lang|gv|voue}}
|}

====Numbers====
Numbers are traditionally [[vigesimal]] in Manx, e.g. {{lang|gv|feed}} "twenty", {{lang|gv|daeed}} "forty" ("two twenties"), {{lang|gv|tree feed}} "sixty" ("three twenties").
{| class="wikitable"
! [[English language|English]]
! Manx<ref name="Brodvol2" />
! [[Irish language|Irish]] cognate
! [[Scottish Gaelic]] cognate
|-
| one
| {{lang|gv|un}} {{IPA|gv|æːn, oːn, uːn|}}<br />{{lang|gv|nane}} {{IPA|gv|neːn|}}
| {{lang|ga|aon}} {{IPA|ga|eːnˠ, iːnˠ, (Northwest Ulster) ɯːnˠ|}}
| {{lang|gd|aon}} {{IPA|gd|ɯːn|}}
|-
| two
| {{lang|gv|daa}} {{IPA|gv|d̪æː|}}, {{lang|gv|ghaa}} {{IPA|gv|ɣæː|}}, <br />{{lang|gv|jees}} {{IPA|gv|dʒiːs|}}
| {{lang|ga|dó}} {{IPA|ga|d̪ˠoː|}}, {{lang|ga|d(h)á}} {{IPA|ga|ɣaː/d̪ˠaː|}},(people only) {{lang|ga|dís}} {{IPA|ga|dʲiːʃ|}}*
| {{lang|gd|dà}} {{IPA|gd|t̪aː|}}
|-
| three
| {{lang|gv|tree}} {{IPA|gv|t̪riː|}}
| {{lang|ga|trí}} {{IPA|ga|tʲrʲiː|}}
| {{lang|gd|trì}} {{IPA|gd|t̪ʰɾiː|}}
|-
| four
| {{lang|gv|kiare}} {{IPA|gv|kʲæːə(r)|}}
| {{lang|ga|ceathair}} {{IPA|ga|cahərʲ|}}, {{lang|ga|ceithre}} {{IPA|ga|ˈcɛɾʲə|}}
| {{lang|gd|ceithir}} {{IPA|gd|ˈkʲʰehɪɾʲ|}}
|-
| five
| {{lang|gv|queig}} {{IPA|gv|kweɡ|}}
| {{lang|ga|cúig}} {{IPA|ga|kuːɟ|}}
| {{lang|gd|còig}} {{IPA|gd|kʰoːkʲ|}}
|-
| six
| {{lang|gv|shey}} {{IPA|gv|ʃeː|}}
| {{lang|ga|sé}} {{IPA|ga|ʃeː|}}
| {{lang|gd|sia}} {{IPA|gd|ʃiə|}}
|-
| seven
| {{lang|gv|shiaght}} {{IPA|gv|ʃæːx|}}
| {{lang|ga|seacht}} {{IPA|ga|ʃaxt̪ˠ|}}
| {{lang|gd|seachd}} {{IPA|gd|ʃɛxk|}}, {{IPA|gd|ʃaxk|}}
|-
| eight
| {{lang|gv|hoght}} {{IPA|gv|hoːx|}}
| {{lang|ga|ocht}} {{IPA|ga|ɔxt̪ˠ|}}
| {{lang|gd|ochd}} {{IPA|gd|ɔxk|}}
|-
| nine
| {{lang|gv|nuy}} {{IPA|gv|nɛi, nøi, niː|}}
| {{lang|ga|naoi}} {{IPA|ga|n̪ˠiː (n̪ˠɰiː)|}}
| {{lang|gd|naoi}} {{IPA|gd|n̪ˠɤi|}}
|-
| ten
| {{lang|gv|jeih}} {{IPA|gv|dʒɛi|}}
| {{lang|ga|deich}} {{IPA|ga|dʲɛç, -ɛh, -ɛi|}}*
| {{lang|gd|deich}} {{IPA|gd|tʲeç|}}
|-
| eleven
| {{lang|gv|nane jeig}} {{IPA|gv|neːn dʒeɡ|}}
| {{lang|ga|aon déag}} {{IPA|ga|eːnˠ/iːnˠ dʲeːɡ|}}*
| {{lang|gd|aon deug/diag}} {{IPA|gd|ɯːn dʲeːk|}}, {{IPA|gd|ɯːn dʲiək|}}
|-
| twelve
| {{lang|gv|daa yeig}} {{IPA|gv|d̪eiɡʲ|}}
| {{lang|ga|dó dhéag}} {{IPA|ga|d̪ˠoː jeːg|}}, {{lang|ga|d(h)á dhéag}} {{IPA|ga|ɣaː/d̪ˠaː jeːɡ|}}
| {{lang|gd|dà dheug/dhiag}} {{IPA|gd|t̪aː ʝeːk|}}, {{IPA|gd|t̪aː ʝiək|}}
|-
| thirteen
| {{lang|gv|tree jeig}} {{IPA|gv|t̪ri dʒeɡ|}}
| {{lang|ga|trí déag}} {{IPA|ga|tʲrʲiː dʲeːɡ|}}*
| {{lang|gd|trì deug/diag}} {{IPA|gd|t̪ʰɾiː tʲeːk|}}, {{IPA|gd|t̪ʰɾiː tʲiək|}}
|-
| twenty
| {{lang|gv|feed}} {{IPA|gv|fiːdʒ|}}
| {{lang|ga|fiche}} {{IPA|ga|fʲɪçə, -hə|}}; {{lang|ga|fichid}} (sing. [[Dative case|dat.]]) {{IPA|ga|ˈfʲɪçədʲ, -ɪhə-|}}*
| {{lang|gd|fichead}} {{IPA|ga|fiçət̪|}}
|-
| hundred
| {{lang|gv|keead}} {{IPA|gv|kiːəd|}}
| {{lang|ga|céad}} {{IPA|ga|ceːd̪ˠ, ciːa̯d̪ˠ|}}
| {{lang|gd|ceud, ciad}} {{IPA|gd|kʲʰeːt̪|}}, {{IPA|gd|kʲʰiət̪|}}
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>In the northern dialects of Irish [[Help:IPA/Irish|/dʲ tʲ/]] may be affricated to {{IPA|[{{IPA link|dʒ}} {{IPA link|tʃ}}]}} or {{IPA|[{{IPA link|dʑ}} {{IPA link|tɕ}}]}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=de Búrca |first=Seán |date=1958 |title=The Irish of Tourmakeady, Co. Mayo |publisher=[[Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies]] |isbn=0-901282-49-9 |pages=24–25}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mhac an Fhailigh |first=Éamonn |date=1968 |title=The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo |publisher=[[Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies]] |isbn=0-901282-02-2 |pages=36–37}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wagner |first=Heinrich |date=1959 |title=Gaeilge Theilinn |language=Irish |trans-title=Telin Irish |publisher=[[Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies]] |isbn=1-85500-055-5 |pages=9–10}}</ref>