Editing Magic lantern (section)

===History===
In 1645, Kircher had already suggested projecting live insects and shadow puppets from the surface of the mirror in his Steganographic system to perform dramatic scenes.<ref name=Gorman2007>{{cite book|url=https://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Preprints/P333.PDF|page=44|title=Inside the Camera Obscura|first=Michael John|last=Gorman|year=2007}}</ref>

Christiaan Huygens' 1659 sketches (see above) suggest he intended to [[animation|animate]] the skeleton to have it take off its head and place it back on its neck. This can be seen as an indication that the very first magic lantern demonstrations may already have included projections of simple animations.<ref name=Rossell2005/>{{rp|687}}

In 1668, [[Robert Hooke]] wrote about the effects of a type of magic lantern installation: "Spectators not well versed in optics, that should see the various apparitions and disappearances, the motions, changes and actions that may this way be represented, would readily believe them to be supernatural and miraculous."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=92lnIw3oKGMC&q=It+produces+Effects+not+only+very+delightful,+but+to+such+as+know+the+contrivance,+very+wonderful;+so+that+Spectators,+not+well+versed+in+Opticks,&pg=PA269|title=The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, from Their Commencement in 1665 to the Year 1800|date=22 May 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> In the same year, [[Francesco Eschinardi]] published ''Centuriae opticae pars altera seu dialogi optici pars tertia'', which included a detailed description of the construction of the magic lantern.

In 1675, German polymath and philosopher [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] proposed a kind of world exhibition that would show all types of new inventions and spectacles. In a handwritten document he supposed it should open and close with magic lantern shows, including subjects "which can be dismembered, to represent quite extraordinary and grotesque movements, which men would not be capable of making" (translated from French).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/379115|title=Leibniz and the Lantern|first=Deac|last=Rossell|year=2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Dr%C3%B4le_de_Pens%C3%A9e,_touchant_une_nouvelle_sorte_de_repr%C3%A9sentations|year=1675|title=Drôle de Pensée, touchant une nouvelle sorte de représentations|author1=Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz |access-date=26 January 2017}}</ref>

Several reports of early magic lantern screenings possibly described moving pictures, but are not clear enough to conclude whether the viewers saw animated slides or motion depicted in still images.<ref name=Rossell2005/>

In 1698, German engraver and publisher [[Christoph Weigel the Elder|Johann Christoph Weigel]] described several lantern slides with mechanisms that made glass parts move over one fixed glass slide, for instance by the means of a silk thread, or grooves in which the mobile part slides.<ref>{{cite book|title=Light and Movement|last1=Mannoni|last2=Campagnoni|last3=Robinson|year=1995}}</ref>

By 1709 a German optician and glass grinder named Themme (or Temme) made moving lantern slides, including a carriage with rotating wheels, a cupid with a spinning wheel, a shooting gun, and falling bombs. Wheels were cut from the glass plate with a diamond and rotated by a thread that was spun around small brass wheels attached to the glass wheels. A paper slip mask would be quickly pulled away to reveal the red fiery discharge and the bullet from a shooting gun. [[Zacharias Conrad von Uffenbach]] visited Themme's shop and liked the effects, but was disappointed about the very simple mechanisms. Nonetheless, he bought seven moving slides, as well as twelve slides with four pictures each, which he thought were delicately painted.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZX5dAAAAcAAJ&q=zauber&pg=PA58|last=Von Uffenbach|title=Merkwürdige Reisen durch Niedersachsen, Holland und Engelland - Erster Theil|pages=62–63|year=1753|language=de}}</ref>

Several types of mechanical slides were described and illustrated in Dutch professor of mathematics, physics, philosophy, medicine, and astronomy [[Pieter van Musschenbroek]]'s second edition (1739) of ''Beginsels Der Natuurkunde'' (see illustration below).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Js1WAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA627|title=Beginsels Der Natuurkunde|year=1739|last=Van Musschenbroek|first=Pieter|page=617+633}}</ref> Pieter was the brother of Jan van Musschenbroek, the maker of an outstanding magic lantern with excellent lenses and a diaphragm (see illustration above).<ref name=Rossell2005/>{{rp|688}}

In 1770, [[Edmé-Gilles Guyot]] described a method of using two slides for the depiction of a storm at sea, with waves on one slide and ships and a few clouds on another. Lanternists could project the illusion of mild waves turning into a wild sea tossing the ships around by increasing the movement of the separate slides. Guyot also detailed how projection on smoke could be used to create the illusion of ghosts hovering in the air, which would become a technique commonly used in [[phantasmagoria]].<ref name="Rossell2005">{{cite journal|last=Rossell|first=Deac|title=The Magic Lantern and Moving Images before 1800|journal=Barockberichte|date=2005|issue=40/41|url=https://www.salzburgmuseum.at/fileadmin/Salzburg_Museum/06_Service/Publikationen/03_Barockberichte/Pdfs_Barockberichte/BB_40_41/Rossell__Lantern.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|691}}

An especially intricate multiple rackwork mechanism was developed to show the movements of the planets (sometimes accompanied by revolving satellites) revolving around the Sun. In 1795, one M. Dicas offered an early magic lantern system, the Lucernal or Portable Eidouranian, that showed the orbiting planets. From around the 1820s mechanical astronomical slides became quite common.<ref name="The Magic Lantern Society p. 21-22">The Magic Lantern Society. ''Encyclopedia of the Magic Lantern''. p. 21-22</ref>