Editing Macedonian language (section)

==Vocabulary==
{{See also|Balkan sprachbund#Vocabulary}}
[[File:Police car of Macedonia 04.JPG|thumb|Macedonian police car, with the Macedonian word ''Полиција'' (Policija), for "police".]]
Macedonian exhibits lexical similarities with all other Slavic languages, and numerous nouns are cognates, including those related to familial relations and numbers.{{sfn|Bojkovska|Minova-Gjurkova|Pandev|Cvetanovski|2008|page=43}} Additionally, as a result of the close relationship with Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian shares a considerable amount of its [[lexicon]] with these languages. Other languages that have been in positions of power, such as [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] and, increasingly, [[English language|English]] have also provided a significant proportion of the loanwords. Prestige languages, such as Old Church Slavonic—which occupies a relationship to modern Macedonian comparable to the relationship of [[medieval Latin]] to modern [[Romance languages]]—and Russian also provided a source for lexical items. Other loanwords and vocabulary also came from Greek and Albanian as well as [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige languages]] such as [[French language|French]] and [[German language|German]].{{sfn|Friedman|1998|p=36}}{{sfn|Usikova|2005|p=136}}

During the [[Codification (linguistics)|standardization process]], there was deliberate care taken to try to [[Linguistic purism|purify]] the lexicon of the language. Words that were associated with the Serbian or Bulgarian standard languages, which had become common due to the influence of these languages in the region, were rejected in favor of words from native dialects and [[archaism]]s. This is not to say that there are no words associated with the Serbian, Bulgarian, or even Russian standard languages in the language, but rather that they were discouraged on a principle of "seeking native material first".{{sfn|Friedman|1998|p={{page needed|date=August 2021}}}}

The language of the writers at the turn of the 19th century abounded with Russian and, more specifically, Old Church Slavonic lexical and morphological elements that in the contemporary norm have been replaced by native words or [[calque]]d using [[Productivity (linguistics)|productive]] [[morpheme]]s.<ref name="Dimitrovski">Т. Димитровски. ''Литературната лексика на македонскиот писмен јазик во XIX в. и нашиот однос кон неа'': Реферати на македонските слависти за VI Меѓународен славистички конгрес во Прага, Скопје, 1968 (T. Dimitrovski. ''The literary vocabulary of the Macedonian written language in the 19th century and our attitude to it''. Abstracts of Macedonian Slavists for the 6th International Slavic Studies Congress in Prague. Skopje, 1968)</ref> New words were [[Neologism|coined]] according to internal logic and others calqued from related languages (especially Serbo-Croatian) to replace those taken from Russian, which include ''известие'' (Russ. ''известие'') → ''извештај'' 'report', ''количество'' (Russ. ''количество'') → ''количина'' 'amount, quantity', ''согласие'' (Russ. ''согласие'') → ''слога'' 'concord, agreement', etc.<ref name="Dimitrovski" /> This change was aimed at bringing written Macedonian closer to the spoken language, effectively distancing it from the more Russified Bulgarian language, representing a successful puristic attempt to abolish a lexicogenic tradition once common in written [[literature]].<ref name="Dimitrovski" /> The use of Ottoman Turkish loanwords is discouraged in the [[Register (sociolinguistics)|formal register]] when a native equivalent exists (e.g. ''комшија'' (← Turk. ''komşu'') vs. ''сосед'' (← [[Proto-Slavic language|PSl.]] *sǫsědъ) 'neighbor'), and these words are typically restricted to the archaic, colloquial, and ironic registers.{{sfn|Friedman|1998|p=8}}

{| class="wikitable"  style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
|+ Lexical comparison of 5 words among 11 Slavic languages{{sfn|Bojkovska|Minova-Gjurkova|Pandev|Cvetanovski|2008|page=44}}
|-
! English !! Macedonian !! Bulgarian !! Serbian !! [[Croatian language|Croatian]] !! Slovenian !! Russian !! [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] !! [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] !! [[Polish language|Polish]] !! [[Czech language|Czech]] !! [[Slovak language|Slovak]]
|-
| dream || {{lang|mk|сон}}<br>{{lang|mk-Latn|son}} || {{lang|bg|сън}}<br>{{lang|bg-Latn|sŭn}} || {{lang|sr|сан}}<br>{{lang|sr-Latn|san}} || {{lang|hr|san}} || {{lang|sl|sen}} || {{lang|ru|сон}}<br>{{lang|ru-Latn|son}} || {{lang|be|сон}}<br>{{lang|be-Latn|son}} || {{lang|uk|сон}}<br>{{lang|uk-Latn|son}} || {{lang|pl|sen}} || {{lang|cs|sen}} || {{lang|sk|sen}}
|-
| day|| {{lang|mk|ден}}<br>{{lang|mk-Latn|den}} || {{lang|bg|ден}}<br>{{lang|bg-Latn|den}} || {{lang|sr|дан}}<br>{{lang|sr-Latn|dan}} || {{lang|hr|dan}} || {{lang|sl|dan}} || {{lang|ru|день}}<br>{{lang|ru-Latn|den'}} || {{lang|be|дзень}}<br>{{lang|be-Latn|dzień}} || {{lang|uk|день}}<br>{{lang|uk-Latn|den}} || {{lang|pl|dzień}} || {{lang|cs|den}} || {{lang|sk|den}}
|-
| arm|| {{lang|mk|рака}}<br>{{lang|mk-Latn|raka}} || {{lang|bg|ръка}}<br>{{lang|bg-Latn|rŭka}} || {{lang|sr|рука}}<br>{{lang|sr-Latn|ruka}} || {{lang|hr|ruka}} || {{lang|sl|roka}} || {{lang|ru|рука}}<br>{{lang|ru-Latn|ruka}} || {{lang|be|рука}}<br>{{lang|be-Latn|ruka}} || {{lang|uk|рука}}<br>{{lang|uk-Latn|ruka}} || {{lang|pl|ręka}} || {{lang|cs|ruka}} || {{lang|sk|ruka}}
|-
| flower|| {{lang|mk|цвет}}<br>{{lang|mk-Latn|cvet}} || {{lang|bg|цвят}}<br>{{lang|bg-Latn|tsvyat}} || {{lang|sr|цвет}}<br>{{lang|sr-Latn|cvet}} || {{lang|hr|cvijet}} || {{lang|sl|cvet}} || {{lang|ru|цветок}}<br>{{lang|ru-Latn|tsvetok}} || {{lang|be|кветка}}<br>{{lang|be-Latn|kvietka}} || {{lang|uk|квітка}}<br>{{lang|uk-Latn|kvitka}} || {{lang|pl|kwiat}} || {{lang|cs|květ/květina}}|| {{lang|sk|kvet/kvetina}}
|-
| night|| {{lang|mk|ноќ}}<br>{{lang|mk-Latn|nokj}} || {{lang|bg|нощ}}<br>{{lang|bg-Latn|nosht}} || {{lang|sr|ноћ}}<br>{{lang|sr-Latn|noć}} || {{lang|hr|noć}} || {{lang|sl|noč}} || {{lang|ru|ночь}}<br>{{lang|ru-Latn|noch'}} || {{lang|be|ноч}}<br>{{lang|be-Latn|noč}} || {{lang|uk|нiч}}<br>{{lang|uk-Latn|nich}} || {{lang|pl|noc}} || {{lang|cs|noc}} || {{lang|sk|noc}}
|-
|}