Editing Liberal Party of Canada (section)

===Systems and realignment model===
Scholars and political experts have recently used a [[political realignment]] model to explain what was considered a collapse of a dominant party and put its condition in long-term perspective. According to recent scholarship, there have been four [[party systems]] in Canada at the federal level since Confederation, each with its own distinctive pattern of social support, patronage relationships, leadership styles, and electoral strategies. Steve Patten identifies four party systems in Canada's political history:<ref>Steve Patten, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CxQpqRY5WcEC&q=steve+patten "The Evolution of the Canadian Party System"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708191424/https://books.google.com/books?id=CxQpqRY5WcEC&q=steve+patten |date=July 8, 2023 }}. in Gagnon, and Tanguay, eds. ''Canadian Parties in Transition'' pp. 57–58</ref>
* The first party system emerged from pre-Confederation colonial politics, had its "heyday" from 1896 to 1911 and lasted until the [[Conscription Crisis of 1917]], and was characterized by local patronage administered by the two largest parties, the Liberals and the Conservatives.
* The second system emerged following the First World War, and had its heyday from 1935 and 1957, was characterized by [[Regionalism (politics)|regionalism]] and saw the emergence of several protest parties, such as the [[Progressives (Canada)|Progressives]], the [[Social Credit Party (Canada)|Social Credit Party]], and the [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]].
* The third system emerged in 1963 and had its heyday from 1968 to 1983 and began to unravel thereafter. The two largest parties were challenged by a strong third party, the [[New Democratic Party]] (successor to the CCF). Campaigns during this era became more national in scope because of [[electronic media]], and involved a greater focus on leadership. The dominant policy of the era was [[Keynesian]] economics.
* The fourth party system has involved the rise of the [[Reform Party of Canada|Reform Party]], the [[Bloc Québécois]], and the merger of the [[Canadian Alliance]] with the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservatives]]. Most parties moved to [[One member, one vote|one-member-one-vote]] leadership contests, and [[Federal political financing in Canada|campaign finance laws]] were reformed in 2004. The fourth party system has been characterized by market-oriented policies that generally abandoned Keynesian policies but maintained the [[welfare state]].

Stephen Clarkson (2005) shows how the Liberal Party has dominated all the party systems, using different approaches. It began with a "clientelistic approach" under [[Sir Wilfrid Laurier|Laurier]], which evolved into a "brokerage" system of the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s under [[William Lyon Mackenzie King|Mackenzie King]]. The 1950s saw the emergence of a "pan-Canadian system", which lasted until the 1990s. The 1993 election – categorized by Clarkson as an electoral "earthquake" which "fragmented" the party system, saw the emergence of regional politics within a four party-system, whereby various groups championed regional issues and concerns. Clarkson concludes that the inherent bias built into the first-past-the-post system, has chiefly benefited the Liberals.<ref>Stephen Clarkson, [http://www.ubcpress.ca/search/title_book.asp?BookID=4502 ''The Big Red Machine: How the Liberal Party Dominates Canadian Politics''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103144519/http://www.ubcpress.ca/search/title_book.asp?BookID=4502 |date=January 3, 2016 }} (2005).</ref>