Editing Knight (section)

===Hereditary knighthoods===
====Continental Europe====
In continental Europe different systems of hereditary knighthood have existed or do exist.

In the [[Kingdom of Spain]], the [[Royal House of Spain]] grants titles of knighthood to the successor of the throne. This knighthood title, known as [[Order of the Golden Fleece]], is probably the most prestigious and exclusive [[chivalric order]]. This order can also be granted to persons not belonging to the Spanish Crown, as the former [[Emperor of Japan]] [[Akihito]], [[Queen of United Kingdom]] [[Elizabeth&nbsp;II]] or the relevant Spanish politician of the Spanish democratic transition [[Adolfo Suárez]], among others.

''[[Ridder (title)|Ridder]]'', [[Dutch language|Dutch]] for "knight", is a hereditary noble title in the [[Netherlands]]. It is the lowest title within the nobility system and ranks below that of "[[Baron]]" but above "[[Jonkheer]]" (the latter is not a title, but a Dutch honorific to show that someone belongs to the untitled nobility). The collective term for its holders in a certain locality is the Ridderschap (e.g. Ridderschap van Holland, Ridderschap van Friesland, etc.). In the Netherlands no female equivalent exists. Before 1814, the history of nobility is separate for each of the eleven provinces that make up the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]]. In each of these, there were in the early Middle Ages a number of feudal lords who often were just as powerful, and sometimes more so than the rulers themselves. During this period, knights ranked below the ruler and above the feudal barons (Dutch: ''[[Heerlijkheid|heren]]''). In the Netherlands only 10 knightly families are still extant, a number which steadily decreases because in that country ennoblement or incorporation into the nobility is not possible anymore.
[[File:Schloß Hart Kindberg Hadersdorf.JPG|thumb|[[Fortified house]] – a [[family seat]] of a knight ([[Schloss Hart]] by the Harter Graben near [[Kindberg]], Austria)]]
Likewise ''[[Ridder (title)|Ridder]]'', [[Dutch language|Dutch]] for "knight", or the equivalent [[French language|French]] ''Chevalier'' is a hereditary noble title in [[Belgium]]. It is the second lowest title within the nobility system above [[Jonkheer|''Écuyer'']] or [[Jonkheer|''Jonkheer/Jonkvrouw'']] and below ''[[Baron]]''. Like in the Netherlands, no female equivalent to the title exists. Belgium still does have about 232 registered [[List of noble families in Belgium#Knights|knightly families]].

The [[Germany|German]] and [[Austria]]n equivalent of an hereditary knight is a ''[[Ritter]]''. This designation is used as a title of nobility in all German-speaking areas. Traditionally it denotes the second lowest rank within the nobility, standing above "[[Edler]]" (noble) and below "[[Freiherr]]" (baron). For its historical association with warfare and the [[landed gentry]] in the Middle Ages, it can be considered roughly equal to the titles of "Knight" or "Baronet".

The [[House of Braganza|Royal House of Portugal]] historically bestowed hereditary knighthoods to holders of the highest ranks in the Royal Orders. Today, the head of the Royal House of Portugal Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza, bestows hereditary knighthoods for extraordinary acts of sacrifice and service to the Royal House. There are very few hereditary knights and they are entitled to wear an oval neck badge with the shield of the house of Braganza. As there are two classes of hereditary knights in Portugal, the highest grade is the hereditary knight with [[Collar (order)|grand collar]]. Portuguese hereditary knighthoods confer nobility.<ref name="Evaristo">{{cite web |last1=Evaristo |first1=Carlos |title=The Fons Honorum, Prerogatives and Privileges of the Portuguese House of Bragança |url=http://www.academiasanctiambrosii.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/The-Fons-Honorum-Prerogatives-and-Priviliges-of-the-Portuguese-Royal-House-of-Bragan%C3%A7a-INGLESE.pdf |publisher=Real Academia Sancti Ambrosii Martyris |access-date=2 March 2024 |language=English}}</ref> 

In [[France]], the hereditary knighthood existed similarly throughout as a title of nobility, as well as in regions formerly under [[Holy Roman Empire]] control. One family ennobled with a title in such a manner is the [[house of Hauteclocque]] (by letters patents of 1752), even if its most recent members used a [[Black Nobility|pontifical title]] of count. In some other regions such as [[Normandy]], a specific type of [[fief]] was granted to the lower ranked knights ({{langx|fr|chevaliers}}) called the ''fief de haubert'', referring to the [[hauberk]], or chain mail shirt  worn almost daily by knights, as they would not only fight for their [[liege lords]], but enforce and carry out their orders on a routine basis as well.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fief de haubert |url=https://medieval_terms.enacademic.com/1311/Fief_de_haubert |website=Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases |publisher=enacademic.com |access-date=January 2, 2020}}</ref> Later the term came to officially designate the higher rank of the [[French nobility|nobility]] in the [[Ancien Régime]] (the lower rank being Squire), as the romanticism and prestige associated with the term grew in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance.

[[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]] and [[Kingdom of Poland|Poland]] also had the hereditary knighthood that existed within their respective systems of nobility. Just as with the Royal House of Portugal, the Royal House of Italy - [[House of Savoy]], continue to confer their dynastic orders of chivalry on both Italian and non-Italian citizens, these dynastic orders include the; [[Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation]], [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]] and the [[Civil Order of Savoy]]. Additionally the Royal [[House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]] confers their dynastic orders of chivalry on both Italian and non-italian citizens, including the dynastic orders of; [[Order of Saint Januarius]], [[Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George]], and the [[Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit]].

====Ireland====
There are traces of the Continental system of hereditary knighthood in Ireland. Notably all three of the following belong to the [[Hiberno-Norman]] [[FitzGerald dynasty]], created by the [[Earls of Desmond]], acting as [[Earls Palatine]], for their kinsmen.
*[[Knight of Kerry]] or Green Knight (FitzGerald of Kerry) — the current holder is Sir [[Adrian FitzGerald]], 6th Baronet of Valencia, 24th Knight of Kerry. He is also a [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta|Knight of Malta]], and has served as President of the Irish Association of the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]].
*[[Knight of Glin]] or Black Knight (FitzGerald of Limerick) — now dormant.
*[[White Knight (Fitzgibbon family)|White Knight]] (''see [[Edmund Fitzgibbon]]'') — now dormant.

Another Irish family were the [[O'Shaughnessy]]s, who were created knights in 1553 under the policy of [[surrender and regrant]]<ref>[[John O'Donovan (scholar)|John O'Donovan]], "[http://www.libraryireland.com/articles/EarlsDesmondUJA6-1858/index.php The Descendants of the Last Earls of Desmond]", ''Ulster Journal of Archaeology, Volume 6''. 1858.</ref> (first established by [[Henry VIII of England]]). They were [[Attainder|attainted]] in 1697 for participation on the Jacobite side in the Williamite wars.<ref>''The History and Antiquities of the Diocese of Kilmacduagh'' by Jerome Fahey 1893 p.326</ref>

====British baronetcies====
Since 1611, the British Crown has awarded a hereditary title in the form of the [[baronet]]cy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Burke|first=Bernard & Ashworth Burke|title=General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire|year=1914|publisher=Burke's Peerage Limited|location=London|pages=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf8cAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR3|access-date=4 December 2011|quote=The hereditary Order of Baronets was erected by patent in England by King James I in 1611, extended to Ireland by the same Monarch in 1619, and first conferred in Scotland by King Charles I in 1625.}}</ref> Like knights, baronets are accorded the title ''Sir''. Baronets are not [[peers of the Realm]], and have never been entitled to sit in the [[House of Lords]], therefore like knights they remain [[commoners]] in the view of the British legal system. However, unlike knights, the title is hereditary and the recipient does not receive an accolade. The position is therefore more comparable with hereditary knighthoods in continental European orders of nobility, such as ''[[Ritter]]'', than with knighthoods under the British orders of chivalry. However, unlike the continental orders, the British baronetcy system was a modern invention, designed specifically to raise money for the Crown with the purchase of the title.