Editing Jupiter (section)

==== Exploration ====
{{Main|Exploration of Jupiter}}

Jupiter has been visited by automated [[spacecraft]] since 1973, when the space probe ''[[Pioneer 10]]'' passed close enough to Jupiter to send back revelations about its properties and phenomena.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html | title=The Pioneer Missions | publisher=NASA | date=March 26, 2007 | access-date=February 26, 2021 | archive-date=December 23, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223151213/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=NASA Glenn Pioneer Launch History | date=March 7, 2003 | url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/history/pioneer.html | publisher=NASA – Glenn Research Center | access-date=December 22, 2011 | archive-date=July 13, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713041117/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/history/pioneer.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Missions to Jupiter are accomplished at a cost in energy, which is described by the net change in velocity of the spacecraft, or [[delta-v]]. Entering a [[Hohmann transfer orbit]] from Earth to Jupiter from [[low Earth orbit]] requires a delta-v of 6.3&nbsp;km/s,<ref>{{cite book | last1=Fortescue | first1=Peter W. | last2=Stark | first2=John | last3=Swinerd | first3=Graham | title=Spacecraft systems engineering | edition=3rd | publisher=John Wiley and Sons | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-470-85102-9 | page=150 }}</ref> which is comparable to the 9.7&nbsp;km/s delta-v needed to reach low Earth orbit.<ref>{{cite web
 | last=Hirata | first=Chris
 | url=http://www.pma.caltech.edu/~chirata/deltav.html
 | title=Delta-V in the Solar System
 | publisher=California Institute of Technology |access-date=November 28, 2006
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715015836/http://www.pma.caltech.edu/~chirata/deltav.html
 | archive-date=July 15, 2006 |url-status=dead
}}</ref> [[Gravitational slingshot|Gravity assists]] through planetary [[Gravitational slingshot|flybys]] can be used to reduce the energy required to reach Jupiter.<ref name="delta-v">{{cite web |last=Wong |first=Al |date=May 28, 1998 |url=http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/faqnav.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970105184300/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/faqnav.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 5, 1997 |title=Galileo FAQ: Navigation |publisher=NASA |access-date=November 28, 2006}}</ref>

===== Flyby missions =====
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+
|-
! Spacecraft
! Closest<br/>approach
! Distance (km)
|-
| ''[[Pioneer 10]]''
| December 3, 1973
| style="text-align: right;" | 130,000
|-
| ''[[Pioneer 11]]''
| December 4, 1974
| style="text-align: right;" | 34,000
|-
| ''[[Voyager 1]]''
| March 5, 1979
| style="text-align: right;" | 349,000
|-
| ''[[Voyager 2]]''
| July 9, 1979
| style="text-align: right;" | 570,000
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Ulysses probe|Ulysses]]''
| February 8, 1992<ref name="ulysses"/>
| style="text-align: right;" | 408,894
|-
| February 4, 2004<ref name="ulysses"/>
| style="text-align: right;" | 120,000,000
|-
| ''[[Cassini–Huygens|Cassini]]''
| December 30, 2000
| style="text-align: right;" | 10,000,000
|-
| ''[[New Horizons]]''
| February 28, 2007
| style="text-align: right;" | 2,304,535
|}

Beginning in 1973, several spacecraft performed planetary flyby manoeuvres that brought them within the observation range of Jupiter. The [[Pioneer program|Pioneer]] missions obtained the first close-up images of Jupiter's atmosphere and several of its moons. They discovered that the radiation fields near the planet were much stronger than expected, but both spacecraft managed to survive in that environment. The trajectories of these spacecraft were used to refine the mass estimates of the [[Moons of Jupiter|Jovian system]]. [[Radio occultations]] by the planet resulted in better measurements of Jupiter's diameter and the amount of polar flattening.<ref name="burgess"/>{{rp|47}}<ref name="cosmology 101">{{cite web |last=Lasher |first=Lawrence |date=August 1, 2006 |url=http://spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov/Space_Projects/pioneer/PNhome.html |title=Pioneer Project Home Page |publisher=NASA Space Projects Division |access-date=November 28, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060101001205/http://spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov/Space_Projects/pioneer/PNhome.html |archive-date=January 1, 2006 }}</ref>

Six years later, the [[Voyager program|Voyager]] missions vastly improved the understanding of the [[Galilean moons]] and discovered Jupiter's rings. They also confirmed that the Great Red Spot was anticyclonic. Comparison of images showed that the Spot had changed hues since the Pioneer missions, turning from orange to dark brown. A torus of ionized atoms was discovered along Io's orbital path, which were found to come from erupting volcanoes on the moon's surface. As the spacecraft passed behind the planet, it observed flashes of lightning in the [[Terminator (solar)|night side]] atmosphere.<ref name="burgess"/>{{rp|87}}<ref name="voyager1">{{cite web |date=January 14, 2003 |url=http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/jupiter.html |title=Jupiter |publisher=NASA/JPL |access-date=November 28, 2006 |archive-date=June 28, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628073053/http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/jupiter.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The next mission to encounter Jupiter was the ''[[Ulysses (spacecraft)|Ulysses]]'' solar probe. In February 1992, it performed a flyby manoeuvre to attain a [[polar orbit]] around the Sun. During this pass, the spacecraft studied Jupiter's magnetosphere, although it had no cameras to photograph the planet. The spacecraft passed by Jupiter six years later, this time at a much greater distance.<ref name="ulysses">{{Cite book | last1=Chan | first1=K. | title=Space OPS 2004 Conference | last2=Paredes | first2=E. S. | last3=Ryne | first3=M. S. | date=2004 | publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics | doi=10.2514/6.2004-650-447 | chapter=Ulysses Attitude and Orbit Operations: 13+ Years of International Cooperation }}</ref>

In 2000, the ''Cassini'' probe flew by Jupiter on its way to Saturn, and provided higher-resolution images.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Hansen | first1=C. J. | last2=Bolton | first2=S. J. | last3=Matson | first3=D. L. | last4=Spilker | first4=L. J. | last5=Lebreton | first5=J.-P. |title=The Cassini–Huygens flyby of Jupiter |bibcode=2004Icar..172....1H |journal=Icarus |year=2004 |volume=172 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2004.06.018}}</ref>

The ''[[New Horizons]]'' probe flew by Jupiter in 2007 for a gravity assist en route to [[Pluto]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/news/nh_jupiter_oct09.html | date=October 9, 2007 | publisher=NASA | title=Pluto-Bound New Horizons Sees Changes in Jupiter System | access-date=February 26, 2021 | archive-date=November 27, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127014401/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/news/nh_jupiter_oct09.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> The probe's cameras measured plasma output from volcanoes on Io and studied all four Galilean moons in detail.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/news/jupiter_system.html | title=Pluto-Bound New Horizons Provides New Look at Jupiter System | date=May 1, 2007 | publisher=NASA | access-date=July 27, 2007 | archive-date=December 12, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212052748/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/news/jupiter_system.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===== ''Galileo'' mission =====
{{Main|Galileo (spacecraft)}}
[[File:Galileo Preparations - GPN-2000-000672.jpg|left|thumb|''Galileo'' in preparation for mating with the rocket, 1989]]
The first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter was the ''[[Galileo (spacecraft)|Galileo]]'' mission, which reached the planet on December 7, 1995.<ref name="HTUW"/> It remained in orbit for over seven years, conducting multiple flybys of all the Galilean moons and [[Amalthea (moon)|Amalthea]]. The spacecraft also witnessed the impact of [[Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9]] when it collided with Jupiter in 1994. Some of the goals for the mission were thwarted due to a malfunction in ''Galileo''s high-gain antenna.<ref name="galileo">{{cite web |last=McConnell |first=Shannon |date=April 14, 2003 |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041103173530/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 3, 2004 |title=Galileo: Journey to Jupiter |publisher=NASA/JPL |access-date=November 28, 2006}}</ref>

A 340-kilogram titanium [[Galileo (spacecraft)#Galileo entry probe|atmospheric probe]] was released from the spacecraft in July 1995, entering Jupiter's atmosphere on December 7.<ref name="HTUW"/> It parachuted through {{cvt|150|km|0}} of the atmosphere at a speed of about {{cvt|2575|kph}}<ref name="HTUW"/> and collected data for 57.6&nbsp;minutes until the spacecraft was destroyed.<ref>{{cite web |first=Julio |last=Magalhães |date=December 10, 1996 |url=http://spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov/Space_Projects/galileo_probe/htmls/probe_events.html |title=Galileo Probe Mission Events |publisher=NASA Space Projects Division |access-date=February 2, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102143553/http://spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov/Space_Projects/galileo_probe/htmls/probe_events.html |archive-date=January 2, 2007 }}</ref> The ''Galileo'' orbiter itself experienced a more rapid version of the same fate when it was deliberately steered into the planet on September 21, 2003. [[NASA]] destroyed the spacecraft to avoid any possibility of the spacecraft crashing into and possibly contaminating the moon Europa, [[Life on Europa|which may harbour life]].<ref name="galileo"/>

Data from this mission revealed that hydrogen composes up to 90% of Jupiter's atmosphere.<ref name="HTUW"/> The recorded temperature was more than {{Convert|300|C}}, and the wind speed measured more than 644&nbsp;km/h (>400&nbsp;mph) before the probes vaporized.<ref name="HTUW"/>

===== ''Juno'' mission =====
{{Main|Juno (spacecraft)}}
[[File:Juno prepared for rotation test stand.jpg|alt=see caption|thumb|''Juno'' preparing for testing in a rotation stand, 2011|331x331px]]
NASA's ''[[Juno (spacecraft)|Juno]]'' mission arrived at Jupiter on July 4, 2016, with the goal of studying the planet in detail from a [[polar orbit]]. The spacecraft was originally intended to orbit Jupiter thirty-seven times over a period of twenty months.<ref name="NYT-20160705" /><ref>{{cite web | first=Anthony | last=Goodeill | date=March 31, 2008 | url=http://newfrontiers.nasa.gov/missions_juno.html | title=New Frontiers – Missions – Juno | publisher=NASA | access-date=January 2, 2007 | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203235637/http://newfrontiers.nasa.gov/missions_juno.html | archive-date=February 3, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 | title=Juno, NASA's Jupiter probe
 | publisher=The Planetary Society
 | url=https://www.planetary.org/space-missions/juno
 | access-date=April 27, 2022
| archive-date=May 12, 2022
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512174710/https://www.planetary.org/space-missions/juno
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref> During the mission, the spacecraft will be exposed to high levels of radiation from [[Magnetosphere of Jupiter|Jupiter's magnetosphere]], which may cause the failure of certain instruments.<ref>{{cite web | title=NASA's Juno spacecraft to risk Jupiter's fireworks for science | author=Jet Propulsion Laboratory | date=June 17, 2016 | website=phys.org | url=https://phys.org/news/2016-06-nasa-juno-spacecraft-jupiter-fireworks.html | access-date=April 10, 2022 | archive-date=August 9, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809222951/https://phys.org/news/2016-06-nasa-juno-spacecraft-jupiter-fireworks.html | url-status=live }}</ref> On August 27, 2016, the spacecraft completed its first flyby of Jupiter and sent back the first-ever images of [[Jupiter's_North_Pole|Jupiter's north pole]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Niall |last=Firth |date=September 5, 2016 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2104558-nasas-juno-probe-snaps-first-images-of-jupiters-north-pole/ |title=NASA's Juno probe snaps first images of Jupiter's north pole |work=New Scientist |access-date=September 5, 2016 |archive-date=September 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906173136/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2104558-nasas-juno-probe-snaps-first-images-of-jupiters-north-pole/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Juno'' completed 12 orbits before the end of its budgeted mission plan, ending in July 2018.<ref name="sfnow20170221">{{cite news|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2017/02/21/nasas-juno-spacecraft-to-remain-in-current-orbit-around-jupiter/|title=NASA's Juno spacecraft to remain in current orbit around Jupiter|publisher=Spaceflight Now|first=Stephen|last=Clark|date=February 21, 2017|access-date=April 26, 2017|archive-date=February 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226211013/http://spaceflightnow.com/2017/02/21/nasas-juno-spacecraft-to-remain-in-current-orbit-around-jupiter/|url-status=live}}</ref> In June of that year, NASA extended the mission operations plan to July 2021, and in January of that year the mission was extended to September 2025 with four lunar flybys: one of Ganymede, one of Europa, and two of Io.<ref name="nasa20180606">{{cite web |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2018-130 |title=NASA Re-plans Juno's Jupiter Mission |publisher=NASA/JPL |first1=D. C. |last1=Agle |first2=JoAnna |last2=Wendel |first3=Deb |last3=Schmid |date=June 6, 2018 |access-date=January 5, 2019 |archive-date=July 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724112957/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2018-130 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nasa20210108">{{Cite web|last=Talbert|first=Tricia|date=January 8, 2021|title=NASA Extends Exploration for Two Planetary Science Missions|url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-extends-exploration-for-two-planetary-science-missions|access-date=January 11, 2021|website=NASA|archive-date=January 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111161636/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-extends-exploration-for-two-planetary-science-missions/|url-status=live}}</ref> When ''Juno'' reaches the end of the mission, it will perform a controlled deorbit and disintegrate into Jupiter's atmosphere to avoid the risk of colliding and contaminating Jupiter's moons.<ref name="skytel20170221">{{cite news |url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/juno-stay-current-orbit-jupiter/ |title=Juno Will Stay in Current Orbit Around Jupiter |work=Sky & Telescope |first=David |last=Dickinson |date=February 21, 2017 |access-date=January 7, 2018 |archive-date=January 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108063357/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/juno-stay-current-orbit-jupiter/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===== Cancelled missions and future plans =====
There is an interest in missions to study Jupiter's larger icy moons, which may have subsurface liquid oceans.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sori |first=Mike |title=Jupiter's moons hide giant subsurface oceans – two missions are sending spacecraft to see if these moons could support life |url=http://theconversation.com/jupiters-moons-hide-giant-subsurface-oceans-two-missions-are-sending-spacecraft-to-see-if-these-moons-could-support-life-203207 |access-date=May 12, 2023 |website=The Conversation |date=April 10, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=May 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512042246/http://theconversation.com/jupiters-moons-hide-giant-subsurface-oceans-two-missions-are-sending-spacecraft-to-see-if-these-moons-could-support-life-203207 |url-status=live }}</ref> Funding difficulties have delayed progress, causing NASA's ''[[Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter|JIMO]]'' (''Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter'') to be cancelled in 2005.<ref>{{cite news |first=Brian |last=Berger |title=White House scales back space plans |publisher=MSNBC |date=February 7, 2005 |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6928404/ |access-date=January 2, 2007 |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210930/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6928404/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A subsequent proposal was developed for a joint NASA/[[European Space Agency|ESA]] mission called [[EJSM/Laplace]], with a provisional launch date around 2020. EJSM/Laplace would have consisted of the NASA-led [[Jupiter Europa Orbiter]] and the ESA-led [[Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=107 |title=Laplace: A mission to Europa & Jupiter system |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=January 23, 2009 |archive-date=July 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714200604/http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=107 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the ESA formally ended the partnership in April 2011, citing budget issues at NASA and the consequences on the mission timetable. Instead, ESA planned to go ahead with a European-only mission to compete in its L1 [[Cosmic Vision]] selection.<ref name=esaled>{{cite web|url=http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=48661|title=New approach for L-class mission candidates|publisher=European Space Agency|date=April 19, 2011|last1=Favata|first1=Fabio|access-date=May 2, 2012|archive-date=April 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402143829/http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=48661|url-status=live}}</ref> These plans have been realized as the European Space Agency's [[Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer]] (JUICE), launched on April 14, 2023,<ref name="bbc-20230214">{{Cite news|date=April 14, 2023|title=European Space Agency: Blast off for Jupiter icy moons mission|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-65273857|access-date=April 14, 2023|archive-date=April 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414114037/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-65273857|url-status=live}}</ref> followed by NASA's ''[[Europa Clipper]]'' mission, launched on October 14, 2024.<ref>{{cite web|last=Foust|first=Jeff|url=https://spacenews.com/cost-growth-prompts-changes-to-europa-clipper-instruments/|title=Cost growth prompts changes to Europa Clipper instruments|work=Space News|date=July 10, 2020|access-date=July 10, 2020|archive-date=September 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929074855/https://spacenews.com/cost-growth-prompts-changes-to-europa-clipper-instruments/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other proposed missions include the [[Chinese National Space Administration]]'s ''[[Tianwen-4]]'' mission which aims to launch an orbiter to the Jovian system and possibly [[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]] around 2035,<ref>{{cite news
 | title=Jupiter Mission by China Could Include Callisto Landing
 | first=Andrew
 | last=Jones
 | date=January 12, 2021
| publisher=The Planetary Society
 | url=https://www.planetary.org/articles/jupiter-mission-callisto-landing
 | access-date=April 27, 2020
| archive-date=April 27, 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427053454/https://www.planetary.org/articles/jupiter-mission-callisto-landing
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref> and CNSA's ''[[Interstellar Express]]''<ref>{{cite news
 | title=China to launch a pair of spacecraft towards the edge of the solar system
 | first=Andrew
 | last=Jones
 | date=April 16, 2021
| work=Space News
 | url=https://spacenews.com/china-to-launch-a-pair-of-spacecraft-towards-the-edge-of-the-solar-system/
 | access-date=April 27, 2020
| archive-date=May 15, 2021
| archive-url=https://archive.today/20210515103459/https://spacenews.com/china-to-launch-a-pair-of-spacecraft-towards-the-edge-of-the-solar-system/
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref> and NASA's ''[[Interstellar Probe (spacecraft)|Interstellar Probe]]'',<ref>{{cite web
 | first=Lee
 | last=Billings
 | date=November 12, 2019
| website=Scientific American
 | title=Proposed Interstellar Mission Reaches for the Stars, One Generation at a Time
 | url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/proposed-interstellar-mission-reaches-for-the-stars-one-generation-at-a-time1/
 | access-date=April 27, 2020
| archive-date=July 25, 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725054502/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/proposed-interstellar-mission-reaches-for-the-stars-one-generation-at-a-time1/
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref> which would both use Jupiter's gravity to help them reach the edges of the heliosphere.