Editing Julian calendar (section)

== Replacement by the Gregorian calendar ==
{{Main|Adoption of the Gregorian calendar}}
The [[Gregorian calendar]] has [[Adoption of the Gregorian calendar|replaced]] the Julian as the [[civil calendar]] in all countries which had been using it{{snd}}Greece being the last to do so, in 1923. The [[liturgical calendar]] used by Christian denominations in the west are almost all based on the Gregorian calendar, but most [[Eastern Orthodox]] churches continue to base theirs on the Julian.

A calendar similar to the Julian one, the [[Alexandrian calendar]], is the basis for the [[Ethiopian calendar]], which is still the civil calendar of Ethiopia. Egypt converted from the Alexandrian calendar to Gregorian on 1 Thaut 1592/11 September 1875.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4llHAQAAIAAJ&dq=Beardsley+Fish+1875+1348&pg=PA1348 Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, vol. 2, pp. 1348–1349].</ref>

During the changeover between calendars and for some time afterwards, [[dual dating]] was used in documents and gave the date according to both systems. In contemporary as well as modern texts that describe events during the period of change, it is customary to clarify to which calendar a given date refers by using an [[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S. or N.S. suffix]] (denoting Old Style, Julian or New Style, Gregorian).

=== Transition history ===
{{See also|Adoption of the Gregorian calendar|Old Style and New Style dates}}
In 1582, [[Pope Gregory XIII]] promulgated the [[Gregorian calendar]]. Reform was required as the Julian calendar year, with an average length of 365.25 days, was longer than the natural [[tropical year]]. On average, the astronomical solstices and the equinoxes advance by 10.8 minutes per year against the Julian calendar year. As a result, 21 March (which is the base date for [[Computus|calculating the date of Easter]]) gradually moved out of alignment with the March equinox.
[[File:Julian to Gregorian Date Change.png|thumb|In 1582 when Roman Catholic countries such as Spain adopted the Gregorian calendar, ten days were omitted from the month of October.]]
While Hipparchus and presumably [[Sosigenes of Alexandria|Sosigenes]] were aware of the discrepancy, although not of its correct value,{{sfn|Richards|1998|page=216}} it was evidently felt to be of little importance at the time of the Julian reform (46&nbsp;BC). However, it accumulated significantly over time: the Julian calendar gained a day every 128 years. By 1582, 21 March was ten days out of alignment with the March equinox, the date where it was reckoned to have been in 325, the year of the [[First Council of Nicaea|Council of Nicaea]].

Since the Julian and Gregorian calendars were long used simultaneously, although in different places, calendar dates in the transition period are often ambiguous, unless it is specified which calendar was being used. In some circumstances, double dates might be used, one in each calendar. The notation [[Old Style and New Style dates|"Old Style" (O.S.)]] is sometimes used to indicate a date in the Julian calendar, as opposed to [[Old Style and New Style dates|"New Style" (N.S.)]], which either represents the Gregorian date or the Julian date with the start of the year as 1 January. This notation is used to clarify dates from countries that continued to use the Julian calendar after the Gregorian reform, such as Great Britain, which did not adopt the reformed calendar until 1752, or Russia, which did not do so until 1918 (see [[Soviet calendar]]). This is why the Russian Revolution of 7 November 1917 N.S. is known as the [[October Revolution]], because it began on 25 October O.S.