Editing Infrastructure (section)

==Ownership and financing==
{{Main|Infrastructure and economics}}
Infrastructure may be owned and managed by governments or by privately held companies, such as sole [[public utility]] or railway companies. Generally, most roads, major airports and other ports, water distribution systems, and sewage networks are publicly owned, whereas most energy and [[telecommunications network]]s are privately owned.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} Publicly owned infrastructure may be paid for from taxes, tolls, or metered user fees, whereas private infrastructure is generally paid for by metered user fees.<ref>{{cite web|title=Business models for transport infrastructure assets? Some experiences in Europe. In The decision-making process for infrastructural investment choices|date=2020|url=https://www.francoangeli.it/Ricerca/scheda_libro.aspx?Id=26150|publisher=FrancoAngeli}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chivatá Cárdenas |first1=Ibsen |last2=Voordijk |first2=Hans |last3=Dewulf |first3=Geert |title=Beyond project governance. Enhancing funding and enabling financing for infrastructure in transport. Findings from the importance analysis approach |journal=European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research |date=2018 |volume=18 |issue=4 |doi=10.18757/ejtir.2018.18.4.3261 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Major investment projects are generally financed by the issuance of long-term [[Bond (finance)|bonds]].{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

Government-owned and operated infrastructure may be developed and operated in the [[private sector]] or in [[public-private partnership]]s, in addition to in the [[public sector]]. {{as of|2008}} in the United States for example, public spending on infrastructure has varied between 2.3% and 3.6% of GDP since 1950.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Leonhardt |first1=David |title=Piling Up Monuments Of Waste |newspaper=The New York Times |date=19 November 2008 |page=B1 |id={{ProQuest|897784170}} |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/19/business/economy/19leonhardt.html }}</ref> Many financial institutions invest in infrastructure.