Editing Individualist anarchism (section)

==== Russia ====
{{see also|Alexei Borovoi}}
Individualist anarchism was one of the three categories of [[anarchism in Russia]], along with the more prominent [[anarcho-communism]] and [[anarcho-syndicalism]].<ref name=avruss>{{cite book | author-link=Paul Avrich |last = Avrich | first = Paul | title = The Russian Anarchists | publisher = [[AK Press]] | location = Stirling | year = 2006 | isbn = 1904859488 |page=56 |title-link = The Russian Anarchists }}</ref> The ranks of the Russian individualist anarchists were predominantly drawn from the [[intelligentsia]] and the [[working class]].<ref name=avruss/> For anarchist historian [[Paul Avrich]], "[t]he two leading exponents of individualist anarchism, both based in [[Moscow]], were [[Alexei Borovoi|Aleksei Alekseevich Borovoi]] and [[Lev Chernyi]] (born Pavel Dmitrievich Turchaninov). From [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], they inherited the desire for a complete overturn of all values accepted by [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] society political, moral, and cultural. Furthermore, strongly influenced by Max Stirner and Benjamin Tucker, the German and American theorists of individualist anarchism, they demanded the total liberation of the human personality from the fetters of organized society".<ref name=avruss/>

Some Russian individualists anarchists "found the ultimate expression of their [[social alienation]] in violence and crime, others attached themselves to [[avant-garde]] literary and artistic circles, but the majority remained "[[Philosophical anarchism|philosophical]]" anarchists who conducted animated parlor discussions and elaborated their individualist theories in ponderous journals and books".<ref name=avruss/>

Lev Chernyi advocated a [[Nietzschean]] [[Transvaluation of values|overthrow of the values]] of bourgeois Russian society, and rejected the voluntary [[Mir (social)|communes]] of anarcho-communist [[Peter Kropotkin]] as a threat to the freedom of the individual.{{sfn|Avrich|2006|p=180}}{{sfn|Avrich|2006|p=254}}<ref name=aa>{{cite book |last=Chernyi |first=Lev |title=Novoe Napravlenie v Anarkhizme: Asosiatsionnii Anarkhism |orig-year=1907 |edition=Moscow; 2nd |year=1923 |publisher=New York }}</ref> Scholars including Avrich and [[Allan Antliff]] have interpreted this vision of society to have been greatly influenced by the individualist anarchists Max Stirner and Benjamin Tucker.<ref name=sub>{{cite journal |last=Antliff |first=Allan |year=2007 |title=Anarchy, Power, and Poststructuralism |journal=SubStance |volume=36 |issue=113 |pages=56–66 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/substance/v036/36.2antliff.pdf |access-date=2008-03-10 |doi=10.1353/sub.2007.0026 |s2cid=146156609 |archive-date=2016-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408210526/https://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/substance/v036/36.2antliff.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>