Editing Immune system (section)

=== Hormones ===
[[Hormone]]s can act as [[immunomodulators]], altering the sensitivity of the immune system. For example, [[female sex hormones]] are known [[immunostimulator]]s of both adaptive{{sfn| Wira |Crane-Godreau |Grant |2004 |loc= Chapter: Endocrine regulation of the mucosal immune system in the female reproductive tract}} and innate immune responses.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lang TJ | title = Estrogen as an immunomodulator | journal = Clinical Immunology | volume = 113 | issue = 3 | pages = 224–30 | date = Dec 2004 | pmid = 15507385 | doi = 10.1016/j.clim.2004.05.011 }}<br />{{cite journal | vauthors = Moriyama A, Shimoya K, Ogata I, Kimura T, Nakamura T, Wada H, Ohashi K, Azuma C, Saji F, Murata Y | title = Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) concentrations in cervical mucus of women with normal menstrual cycle | journal = Molecular Human Reproduction | volume = 5 | issue = 7 | pages = 656–61 | date = Jul 1999 | pmid = 10381821 | doi = 10.1093/molehr/5.7.656 | doi-access = free }}<br />{{cite journal | vauthors = Cutolo M, Sulli A, Capellino S, Villaggio B, Montagna P, Seriolo B, Straub RH | title = Sex hormones influence on the immune system: basic and clinical aspects in autoimmunity | journal = Lupus | volume = 13 | issue = 9 | pages = 635–38 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15485092 | doi = 10.1191/0961203304lu1094oa | s2cid = 23941507 }}<br />{{cite journal | vauthors = King AE, Critchley HO, Kelly RW | title = Presence of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor in human endometrium and first trimester decidua suggests an antibacterial protective role | journal = Molecular Human Reproduction | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 191–96 | date = Feb 2000 | pmid = 10655462 | doi = 10.1093/molehr/6.2.191 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Some autoimmune diseases such as [[lupus erythematosus]] strike women preferentially, and their onset often coincides with [[puberty]]. By contrast, [[androgen|male sex hormones]] such as [[testosterone]] seem to be [[immunosuppressive]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fimmel S, Zouboulis CC | title = Influence of physiological androgen levels on wound healing and immune status in men | journal = The Aging Male | volume = 8 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 166–74 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16390741 | doi = 10.1080/13685530500233847 | s2cid = 1021367 }}</ref> Other hormones appear to regulate the immune system as well, most notably [[prolactin]], [[growth hormone]] and [[vitamin D]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dorshkind K, Horseman ND | title = The roles of prolactin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, and thyroid hormones in lymphocyte development and function: insights from genetic models of hormone and hormone receptor deficiency | journal = Endocrine Reviews | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 292–312 | date = Jun 2000 | doi = 10.1210/edrv.21.3.0397 | pmid = 10857555 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nagpal S, Na S, Rathnachalam R | title = Noncalcemic actions of vitamin D receptor ligands | journal = Endocrine Reviews | volume = 26 | issue = 5 | pages = 662–87 | date = Aug 2005 | pmid = 15798098 | doi = 10.1210/er.2004-0002 | doi-access = free }}</ref>