Editing Ice (section)

===Land travel===
[[File:2015-10-18 07 36 28 Frost on a car windshield on Tranquility Court in the Franklin Farm section of Oak Hill, Virginia.jpg|thumb|Ice formation on exterior of vehicle windshield]]
Ice forming on [[road]]s is a common winter hazard, and [[black ice]] particularly dangerous because it is very difficult to see. It is both very transparent, and often forms specifically in shaded (and therefore cooler and darker) areas, i.e. beneath [[overpass]]es.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donegan |first=Brian |date=15 December 2016 |title=What Is Black Ice And Why Is It So Dangerous?  |url=https://weather.com/science/weather-explainers/news/black-ice-winter-weather-explainer |publisher=[[The Weather Channel]] |language=en |access-date=11 April 2024 }}</ref>

Whenever there is freezing rain or snow which occurs at a temperature near the melting point, it is common for ice to build up on the [[window]]s of vehicles. Often, snow melts, re-freezes, and forms a fragmented layer of ice which effectively "glues" snow to the window. In this case, the frozen mass is commonly removed with [[ice scraper]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dhyani |first1=Abhishek |last2=Choi |first2=Wonjae |last3=Golovin |first3=Kevin |last4=Tuteja |first4=Anish |date=4 May 2022 |title=Surface design strategies for mitigating ice and snow accretion |journal=Matter |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=1423–1454 |doi=10.1016/j.matt.2022.04.012 }}</ref> A thin layer of ice crystals can also form on the inside surface of car windows during sufficiently cold weather. In the 1970s and 1980s, some vehicles such as [[Ford Thunderbird]] could be upgraded with heated windshields as the result. This technology fell out of style as it was too expensive and prone to damage, but rear-window [[defroster]]s are cheaper to maintain and so are more widespread.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A brief history of the heated windshield |last=Braithwaite-Smith |first=Gavin |date=14 December 2022 |url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/automotive-history/a-brief-history-of-the-heated-windshield/ |publisher=Hagerty |language=en |access-date=11 April 2024 }}</ref>

[[File:CaminoDeLaVidaLeningrado.ogv|thumb|right|1943 [[American propaganda during World War II|US propaganda]] film explaining how the ice of Lake Ladoga became the Road of Life during [[WWII]]]]

In sufficiently cold places, the layers of ice on water surfaces can get thick enough for [[ice road]]s to be built. Some regulations specify that the minimum safe thickness is {{cvt|4|in|cm|frac=2}} for a person, {{cvt|7|in|cm|frac=2}} for a [[snowmobile]] and {{cvt|15|in|cm|frac=2}} for an [[automobile]] lighter than 5 tonnes. For [[truck]]s, effective thickness varies with load - i.e. a vehicle with 9-ton total weight requires a thickness of {{cvt|20|in|cm|frac=2}}. Notably, the speed limit for a vehicle moving at a road which meets its minimum safe thickness is 25&nbsp;km/h (15&nbsp;mph), going up to 35&nbsp;km/h (25&nbsp;mph) if the road's thickness is 2 or more times larger than the minimum safe value.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Daly |first1=Steven |last2=Connor |first2=Billy |last3=Garron |first3=Jessica |last4=Stuefer |first4=Svetlana |last5=Belz |first5=Nathan |last6=Bjella |first6=Kevin |date=1 February 2023 |title=Design and Operation of Ice Roads |url=https://aidc.uaf.edu/media/1580/ice-road-manual_final.pdf |publisher=[[University of Alaska Fairbanks]] |access-date=11 April 2024 }}</ref> There is a known instance where a railroad has been built on ice.<ref name="Makkonen, L. 1994"/>

The most famous ice road had been the [[Road of Life]] across [[Lake Ladoga]]. It operated in the winters of 1941–1942 and 1942–1943, when it was the only land route available to the [[Soviet Union]] to relieve the [[Siege of Leningrad]] by the German [[Army Group North]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Glantz |first=David M. |author-link=David Glantz |date=2001 |title=The Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1944: 900 Days of Terror |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efZmAAAAMAAJ |location=Staplehurst |publisher=Spellmount |isbn=1-86227-124-0}}</ref> {{rp|76–80}} The trucks moved hundreds of thousands tonnes of supplies into the city, and hundreds of thousands of civilians were evacuated.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bidlack |first1=Richard |last2=Lomagin |first2=Nikita |title=The Leningrad Blockade, 1941–1944: A New Documentary History from the Soviet Archives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-g2b__W4cQAC&pg=PA406 |date=2012 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn= 978-0-300-11029-6}}</ref> It is now a [[Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments|World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/540/multiple=1&unique_number=635 |title=Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments |work=Unesco World Heritage Centre }}</ref>