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===Mountains=== The terrain of the Iberian Peninsula is largely [[mountainous]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/centros-tic/04005041/helvia/sitio/upload/tema_8.pdf |title=Tema 8.- El Relieve de España |first=José Antonio |last=Manzano Cara|language=es |publisher=[[Junta de Andalucía]] |access-date=1 September 2018}}</ref> The major mountain systems are: * The [[Pyrenees]] and their foothills, the [[Pre-Pyrenees]], crossing the isthmus of the peninsula so completely as to allow no passage except by mountain road, trail, coastal road or tunnel. [[Aneto]] in the [[Maladeta]] massif, at 3,404 m, is the highest point [[File:Mulhacen north face.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Mulhacén]], the highest peak in the Iberian Peninsula]] * The [[Cantabrian Mountains]] along the northern coast with the massive [[Picos de Europa]]. [[Torre de Cerredo]], at 2,648 m, is the highest point * The [[Galician Massif|Galicia/Trás-os-Montes Massif]] in the Northwest is made up of very old heavily eroded rocks.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Silurian graptolite biostratigraphy of the Galicia – Tras-os-Montes Zone (Spain and Portugal) |last1=Piçarra |first1=José Manuel |last2=Gutiérrez-Marco |first2=J. C. |last3=Sá |first3=Artur A. |last4=Meireles |first4=Carlos |last5=González-Clavijo |first5=E.|journal=[[Geologiska föreningen|GFF]]|date=1 June 2006|volume=128 |issue=2 |page=185 |doi=10.1080/11035890601282185 |bibcode=2006GFF...128..185P |hdl = 10261/30737 |s2cid=140712259 |issn=1103-5897}}</ref> [[Pena Trevinca]], at 2,127 m, is the highest point * The [[Sistema Ibérico]], a complex system at the heart of the peninsula, in its central/eastern region. It contains a great number of ranges and divides the watershed of the Tagus, Douro and Ebro rivers. [[Moncayo]], at 2,313 m, is the highest point * The [[Sistema Central]], dividing the [[Iberian Plateau]] into a northern and a southern half and stretching into Portugal (where the highest point of [[Continental Portugal]] (1,993 m) is located in the [[Serra da Estrela]]). [[Pico Almanzor]] in the [[Sierra de Gredos]] is the highest point, at 2,592 m * The [[Montes de Toledo]], which also stretches into Portugal from the [[La Mancha]] natural region at the eastern end. Its highest point, at 1,603 m, is [[La Villuerca]] in the [[Sierra de Villuercas]], [[Extremadura]] * The [[Sierra Morena]], which divides the watershed of the Guadiana and Guadalquivir rivers. At 1,332 m, [[Bañuela]] is the highest point * The [[Baetic System]], which stretches between [[Cádiz]] and Gibraltar and northeast towards [[Alicante Province]]. It is divided into three subsystems: ** [[Prebaetic System]], which begins west of the [[Sierra Sur de Jaén]], reaching the [[Mediterranean Sea]] shores in [[Alicante Province]]. [[La Sagra (peak)|La Sagra]] is the highest point at 2,382 m. ** [[Subbaetic System]], which is in a central position within the Baetic Systems, stretching from [[Cape Trafalgar]] in [[Cádiz Province]] across Andalusia to the [[Region of Murcia]].<ref>Edited by W Gibbons & T Moreno, ''Geology of Spain'', 2002, {{ISBN|978-1-86239-110-9}}</ref> The highest point, at {{convert|2027|m|abbr=on}}, is Peña de la Cruz in [[Sierra Arana]]. ** [[Penibaetic System]], located in the far southeastern area stretching between Gibraltar across the Mediterranean coastal Andalusian provinces. It includes the highest point in the peninsula, the 3,478 m high [[Mulhacén]] in the [[Sierra Nevada (Spain)|Sierra Nevada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spanishnature.com/birds/63-general-information/12-introduction-to-the-birds-of-spain.html?ml=5&mlt=system&tmpl=component|title=Introduction to the Birds of Spain|first=Peter|last=Jones|website=Spanishnature.com|access-date=11 April 2013|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808143555/https://www.spanishnature.com/birds/63-general-information/12-introduction-to-the-birds-of-spain.html?ml=5&mlt=system&tmpl=component|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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