Editing Hybrid vehicle (section)

==Hybrid vehicle power train configurations==
{{Main|Hybrid vehicle drivetrains|Micro HEV}}

===Parallel hybrid===
[[File:2010 Honda Insight LX -- 10-03-2009.jpg|thumb|right|[[Honda Insight]], a [[#Mild parallel hybrid|mild parallel hybrid]]]]
[[File:2019 Toyota Prius (ZVW50R) 1.8 Hybrid liftback (2018-12-19) 01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Toyota Prius]], a [[series-parallel hybrid]]]]
[[File:2nd Ford Escape Hybrid -- 04-29-2011 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ford Escape Hybrid]], with a series-parallel drivetrain]]

In a parallel hybrid vehicle, an electric motor and an internal combustion engine are coupled such that they can power the vehicle either individually or together. Most commonly the internal combustion engine, the electric motor and gearbox are coupled by automatically controlled clutches. For electric driving, the clutch between the internal combustion engine is open while the clutch to the gearbox is engaged. While in combustion mode the engine and motor run at the same speed.

The first mass-production parallel hybrid sold outside Japan was the 1st generation [[Honda Insight]].

The Mercedes-Benz [[Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W212)|E 300 BlueTEC HYBRID]] released in 2012 only in European markets is a very rare mass-produced diesel hybrid vehicle powered by a [[Mercedes-Benz OM651 engine]] developing {{cvt|204|hp|kW|0|order=flip}} paired with a {{cvt|27|hp|kW|0|order=flip}} electric motor, positioned between the engine and the gearbox, for a combined output of {{cvt|228|hp|kW|0|order=flip}}. The vehicle has a fuel consumption rate of {{cvt|56-62|mpgus|km/L mpgus mpgimp|0|order=out}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://group-media.mercedes-benz.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko/Mercedes-Benz-E-300-BlueTEC-HYBRID-The-worlds-most-fuel-efficient-luxury-class-model.xhtml?oid=9904018|title=Mercedes-Benz E 300 BlueTEC HYBRID: The world's most fuel-efficient luxury-class model|website=marsMediaSite}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a18741525/not-for-u-s-mercedes-benz-e300-bluetec-hybrid-headed-to-detroit-auto-show-2/|title=Not-For-U.S. Mercedes-Benz E300 BlueTec Hybrid Headed to Detroit Auto Show|date=December 22, 2011|website=Car and Driver}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greencarcongress.com/2012/03/e300-20120328.html|title=Mercedes-Benz introducing diesel E 300 BlueTEC HYBRID with fuel economy of 56 mpg US; gasoline-engined E 400 HYBRID model to follow|website=Green Car Congress}}</ref>

===Mild parallel hybrid===
These types use a generally compact electric motor (usually <20&nbsp;kW) to provide auto-stop/start features and to provide extra power assist<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/automobile-technology/IMA/detail/ |title=Honda IMA technology |access-date=2009-05-01 |publisher=Honda Motor}}</ref> during the acceleration, and to generate on the deceleration phase (also known as [[regenerative braking]]).

On-road examples include [[Honda Civic Hybrid]], [[Honda Insight]] 2nd generation, [[Honda CR-Z]], [[Honda Accord Hybrid]], Mercedes Benz [[Mercedes-Benz S-Class#S-Class hybrids|S400 BlueHYBRID]], BMW 7 Series hybrids, [[General Motors]] [[BAS Hybrid]]s, [[Suzuki S-Cross]], [[Suzuki Wagon R]] and [[Smart fortwo]] with micro hybrid drive.

===Power-split or series-parallel hybrid===
In a power-split hybrid electric drive train, there are two motors: a traction electric motor and an internal combustion engine. The power from these two motors can be shared to drive the wheels via a power split device, which is a simple [[epicyclic gearing|planetary gear]] set. The ratio can be from 100% for the combustion engine to 100% for the traction electric motor, or anything in between. The combustion engine can act as a generator charging the batteries.

Modern versions such as the Toyota [[Hybrid Synergy Drive]] have a second electric motor/generator connected to the planetary gear. In cooperation with the traction motor/generator and the power-split device, this provides a continuously variable transmission.

On the open road, the primary power source is the internal combustion engine. When maximum power is required, for example, to overtake, the traction electric motor is used to assist. This increases the available power for a short period, giving the effect of having a larger engine than actually installed. In most applications, the combustion engine is switched off when the car is slow or stationary thereby reducing curbside emissions.

Passenger car installations include [[Toyota Prius]], Ford Escape and Fusion, as well as [[Lexus RX]]400h, RX450h, GS450h, LS600h, and CT200h.

===Series hybrid===
[[File:Chevrolet Volt charging WAS 2011 833.jpg|thumb|[[Chevrolet Volt]], a [[plug-in hybrid|plug-in]] [[series hybrid]], also called an ''extended range electric vehicle'' (''EREV'')]]
A '''series- or serial-hybrid vehicle''' is driven by an electric motor, functioning as an electric vehicle while the battery pack energy supply is sufficient, with an engine tuned for running as a generator when the battery pack is insufficient. There is typically no mechanical connection between the engine and the wheels, and the primary purpose of the range extender is to charge the battery. Series-hybrids have also been referred to as [[Range extender (vehicle)|extended range electric vehicle]], range-extended electric vehicle, or electric vehicle-extended range (EREV/REEV/EVER).

The [[BMW i3]] with range extender is a production series-hybrid. It operates as an electric vehicle until the battery charge is low, and then activates an engine-powered generator to maintain power, and is also available without the range extender. The [[Fisker Karma]] was the first series-hybrid production vehicle.

When describing cars, the battery of a series-hybrid is usually charged by being plugged in—but a series-hybrid may also allow for a battery to only act as a buffer (and for regeneration purposes), and for the electric motor's power to be supplied constantly by a supporting engine. Series arrangements have been common in [[diesel-electric]] [[locomotive]]s and ships. [[Ferdinand Porsche]] effectively invented this arrangement in speed-record-setting racing cars in the early 20th century, such as the [[Lohner–Porsche|Lohner–Porsche Mixte Hybrid]]. Porsche named his arrangement "System Mixt" and it was a [[wheel hub motor]] design, where each of the two front wheels was powered by a separate motor. This arrangement was sometimes referred to as an ''electric transmission'', as the electric generator and driving motor replaced a mechanical transmission. The vehicle could not move unless the internal combustion engine was running.

In 1997 Toyota released the first series-hybrid bus sold in Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn19970822a8.html |title=Toyota debuts power-hybrid bus &#124; The Japan Times Online |website=Search.japantimes.co.jp |date=1997-08-22 |access-date=2009-10-17}}</ref> [[General Motors|GM]] introduced the [[Chevy Volt]] series plug-in hybrid in 2010, aiming for an [[all-electric range]] of {{convert|40|mi|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Stossel|first=Sage |url= https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200807/general-motors |title=Electro-Shock Therapy – The Atlantic (July/August 2008) |magazine=The Atlantic |date=2008-05-06 |access-date=2009-10-17}}</ref> though this car also has a mechanical connection between the engine and drivetrain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/10/11/shocker-chevy-says-volts-gas-engine-can-power-the-wheels-its|title=Shocker|date=2010-10-11}}</ref> [[Supercapacitors]] combined with a [[lithium-ion]] battery bank have been used by [[AFS Trinity]] in a converted Saturn Vue SUV vehicle. Using [[supercapacitors]] they claim up to 150 mpg in a series-hybrid arrangement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://afstrinity.com/press-release-9-24-08.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229035802/http://afstrinity.com/press-release-9-24-08.html|url-status=dead|title=afstrinity.com|archivedate=December 29, 2008}}</ref>

Nissan Note e-power is an example of a series hybrid technology since 2016 in Japan.

===Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle ===
[[File:Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid - Paris Motor Show 2016 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid#XW50|Toyota Prius Prime]] has an [[all-electric range]] of {{Convert|25|mi|abbr=on}}.]]
[[File:Ford Fusion Energi SEL WAS 2012 0573.JPG|thumb|The [[Ford Fusion Hybrid#Ford Fusion Energi|Ford Fusion Energi]] is a plug-in hybrid with an [[all-electric range]] of {{Convert|21|mi|abbr=on}}.]]

{{Main|Plug-in hybrid}}
{{See also|Plug-in electric vehicle}}

Another subtype of hybrid vehicles is the [[plug-in hybrid electric vehicle]]. The plug-in hybrid is usually a general fuel-electric (parallel or serial) hybrid with increased energy storage capacity, usually through a [[lithium-ion battery]], which allows the vehicle to drive on [[all-electric mode]] a distance that depends on the battery size and its mechanical layout (series or parallel). It may be connected to mains electricity supply at the end of the journey to avoid charging using the on-board internal combustion engine.<ref>{{cite web| title = All About Plug-In Hybrids (PHEVs) |url= http://www.calcars.org/vehicles.html | author = California Cars Initiative | publisher = International Humanities Center | access-date=2013-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.eaa-phev.org/wiki/Prius_PHEV#Kits_and_Conversions | title = Prius PHEV | publisher = Electric Auto Association – Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle | access-date=2012-01-14}}</ref>

This concept is attractive to those seeking to minimize on-road emissions by avoiding—or at least minimizing—the use of ICE during daily driving. As with pure electric vehicles, the total emissions saving, for example in CO<sub>2</sub> terms, is dependent upon the energy source of the electricity generating company.

For some users, this type of vehicle may also be financially attractive so long as the electrical energy being used is cheaper than the petrol/diesel that they would have otherwise used. Current tax systems in many European countries use mineral oil taxation as a major income source. This is generally not the case for electricity, which is taxed uniformly for the domestic customer, however that person uses it. Some electricity suppliers also offer price benefits for off-peak night users, which may further increase the attractiveness of the plug-in option for commuters and urban motorists.

===Road safety for cyclists, pedestrians===
[[File:2017 Nissan LEAF (ZE0 MY17) hatchback (2018-11-02) 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Nissan Leaf]] was the first [[plug-in electric car]] equipped with [[Nissan]]'s Vehicle Sound for Pedestrians.]]{{Main|Electric vehicle warning sounds}}
A 2009 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration report examined [[hybrid electric vehicle]] accidents that involved pedestrians and cyclists and compared them to accidents involving [[internal combustion engine]] vehicles (ICEV). The findings showed that, in certain road situations, HEVs are more dangerous for those on foot or bicycle. For accidents where a vehicle was slowing or stopping, backing up, entering, or leaving a parking space (when the sound difference between HEVs and ICEVs is most pronounced), HEVs were twice as likely to be involved in a pedestrian crash than ICEVs. For crashes involving cyclists or pedestrians, there was a higher incident rate for HEVs than ICEVs when a vehicle was turning a corner. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the types of vehicles when they were driving straight.<ref>{{cite web| title = Incidence of Pedestrian and Bicyclist Crashes by Hybrid Electric Passenger Vehicles at Journalist's Resource.org |url= http://journalistsresource.org/studies/economics/commerce/bicyclist-crashes-hybrid-electric-vehicles/ | date = 2011-03-07}}</ref>

Several automakers developed [[electric vehicle warning sounds]] designed to alert pedestrians to the presence of [[electric drive vehicle]]s such as hybrid electric vehicle, [[plug-in hybrid electric vehicle]]s and [[all-electric vehicle]]s (EVs) travelling at low speeds. Their purpose is to make pedestrians, cyclists, the blind, and others aware of the vehicle's presence while operating in [[all-electric mode]].<ref name=TMC0810>{{cite press release |url=http://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/news/10/08/0824.html |title=TMC to Sell Approaching Vehicle Audible System for 'Prius' |publisher=Toyota Motor |date=2010-08-24 |access-date=2010-08-25 |archive-date=2010-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827011559/http://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/news/10/08/0824.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=ACB>{{cite press release|url= http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/critical-pedestrian-safety-legislation-moves-to-white-house-for-presidents-signature-112016879.html |title=Critical Pedestrian Safety Legislation Moves to White House for President's Signature|publisher=PR Newswire |author=American Council of the Blind |date=2010-12-16|access-date=2010-12-17}}</ref><ref name=S841>{{cite web|url= https://www.gop.gov/bill/111/2/s841 |title=S. 841 Pedestrian Safety Enhancement Act of 2010 |publisher=Legislative Digest |date=2010-12-15 |access-date=2010-12-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101222013237/http://www.gop.gov/bill/111/2/s841 |archive-date=2010-12-22 }}</ref><ref name=Smart>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartplanet.com/business/blog/smart-takes/hybrid-electric-vehicles-to-become-louder-for-pedestrian-safety/13077/ |title=Hybrid, electric vehicles to become louder for pedestrian safety |website=SmartPlanet.com |first=Larry |last=Dignan |date=2010-12-16 |access-date=2010-12-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101219073150/http://www.smartplanet.com/business/blog/smart-takes/hybrid-electric-vehicles-to-become-louder-for-pedestrian-safety/13077/ |archive-date=2010-12-19 }}</ref>

Vehicles in the market with such safety devices include the [[Nissan Leaf]], [[Chevrolet Volt]], [[Fisker Karma]], [[Honda FCX Clarity]], [[Infiniti M#M35h (Hybrid version) (2011–2019)|Nissan Fuga Hybrid/Infiniti M35]], [[Hyundai ix35 FCEV]], [[Hyundai Sonata Hybrid]], 2012 [[Honda Fit EV]], the 2012 [[Toyota Camry (XV50)#Camry Hybrid|Toyota Camry Hybrid]], 2012 [[Lexus CT200h]], and all the [[Prius family]] of cars.