Editing Hybrid-propellant rocket (section)

===Universities===
Space Propulsion Group was founded in 1999 by Arif Karabeyoglu, Brian Cantwell, and others from [[Stanford University]] to develop high regression-rate liquefying hybrid rocket fuels. They have successfully fired motors as large as {{cvt|12.5|in|cm}}. diameter which produce {{cvt|13,000|lbf}} using the technology and are currently developing a {{cvt|24|in|cm}} diameter, {{cvt|25,000|lbf}} motor to be initially fired in 2010. [[Stanford University]] is the institution where liquid-layer combustion theory for hybrid rockets was developed. The SPaSE group at Stanford is currently working with [[NASA Ames Research Center]] developing the Peregrine [[sounding rocket]] which will be capable of 100&nbsp;km altitude.<ref>{{cite web |title=Peregrine rocket poster |year=2008 |publisher=Stanford University |url=http://www.stanford.edu/dept/aeroastro/aeroastro/50th/posters/peregrine.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227121236/http://www.stanford.edu/dept/aeroastro/aeroastro/50th/posters/peregrine.pdf |archive-date=February 27, 2009}}</ref> Engineering challenges include various types of combustion instabilities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Peregrine rocket poster |year=2012 |publisher=Stanford University |url=http://aa.stanford.edu/students/media/posters2012/waxman.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413192658/http://aa.stanford.edu/students/media/posters2012/waxman.pdf |archive-date=April 13, 2014 }}</ref> Although the proposed motor was test fired in 2013, the Peregrine program eventually switched to a standard solid rocket for its 2016 debut.
[[File:Helical Flow Hybrid University of Tennessee.jpg|thumb|Helical oxidizer injection into a plexiglass hybrid. Image was taken during shutdown, enabling flow pattern to be seen. University of Tennessee at Knoxville.]]
The University of Tennessee Knoxville has carried out hybrid rocket research since 1999, working in collaboration with NASA Marshall Space Flight Center and private industry. This work has included the integration of a water-cooled calorimeter nozzle, one of the first 3D-printed, hot section components successfully used in a rocket motor.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Nick |last1=Quigley |first2=J.E. |last2=Lyne <!-- The University of Tennessee at Knoxville --> |date=November–December 2014 |title=Development of a three-dimensional printed, liquid-cooled nozzle for a hybrid rocket |journal=Journal of Propulsion and Power |doi=10.2514/1.B35455 |s2cid=120692404 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269567431 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Other work at the university has focused on the use of helical oxidizer injection, bio-derived fuels<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Putnam |first=Scott Grayson |year=2007 |title=Investigation of non-conventional bio-derived fuels for hybrid rocket motors |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=University of Tennessee |department=Aerospace Engineering |url=https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/269}}</ref> and powdered fuels encased in a 3D-printed, [[acrylonitrile butadiene styrene|ABS]] matrix, including the successful launch of a coal-fired hybrid at the 2019 Spaceport America Cup.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

At the [[Delft University of Technology]], the student team [[Delft Aerospace Rocket Engineering]] (DARE) is very active in the design and building of hybrid rockets. In October&nbsp;2015, DARE broke the European student altitude record with the Stratos&nbsp;II+ [[sounding rocket]]. Stratos&nbsp;II+ was propelled by the DHX-200 hybrid rocket engine, using a [[nitrous oxide]] oxidizer and fuel blend of paraffin, [[sorbitol]] and aluminium powder. On July 26, 2018, DARE attempted to launch the Stratos&nbsp;III hybrid rocket. This rocket used the same fuel/oxidizer combination as its predecessor, but with an increased impulse of around 360&nbsp;kNs.<ref>P.M. van den Berg, F. Barreiro, C.L. Klop, D.A. van Strydonck, S.T. Koehler, Development of a 25kN Hybrid Rocket Engine for the Stratos III sounding rocket, 69th International Astronautical Congress (IAC), Bremen, Germany, 1–5 October 2018</ref> At the time of development, this was the most powerful hybrid rocket engine ever developed by a student team in terms of total impulse. The Stratos III vehicle was lost 20&nbsp;seconds into the flight.<ref>{{cite report |title=Stratos&nbsp;III launch summary |date=July 2018 |publisher=Delft University of Technology |place=Delft, NL |url=https://dare.tudelft.nl/2018/07/stratos-iii-launch-summary/ |access-date=May 29, 2020 |archive-date=September 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923215445/https://dare.tudelft.nl/2018/07/stratos-iii-launch-summary/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Florida Institute of Technology]] has successfully tested and evaluated hybrid technologies with their Panther Project. The [[WARR (research group)|WARR]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Raketentechnik |website=warr.de |url=http://www.warr.de/raketentechnik |access-date=June 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206195845/http://www.warr.de/raketentechnik |archive-date=6 December 2011}}</ref> student-team at the [[Technical University of Munich]] has been developing hybrid engines and rockets since the early 1970s. Using [[acids]], [[oxygen]], or [[nitrous oxide]] in combination with [[polyethylene]], or [[HTPB]]. The development includes test stand engines as well as airborne versions, like the first German hybrid rocket [[Barbarella (rocket)|Barbarella]]. They are currently working on a hybrid rocket with [[Liquid oxygen]] as its oxidizer, to break the European height record of amateur rockets. They are also working with Rocket Crafters and testing their hybrid rockets.

[[Boston University]]'s student-run "Rocket Propulsion Group",<ref>{{cite web |title=Rocket Propulsion Group |publisher=Boston University |place=Boston, MA |url=http://www.burocket.org/}}</ref> which in the past has launched only solid motor rockets, is attempting to design and build a single-stage hybrid [[sounding rocket]] to launch into sub-orbital space by July&nbsp;2015.<ref>{{cite web |department=Rocket Propulsion Group |title=Starscraper |publisher=Boston University |url=http://www.burocket.org/rockets/starscraper/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103074130/http://www.burocket.org/rockets/starscraper/ |archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref>

[[Brigham Young University]] (BYU), the [[University of Utah]], and [[Utah State University]] launched a student-designed rocket called Unity&nbsp;IV in 1995 which burned the solid fuel [[hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene]] (HTPB) with an oxidizer of gaseous [[oxygen]], and in 2003 launched a larger version which burned [[HTPB]] with [[nitrous oxide]].

The [[University of Brasília|University of Brasilia's (UnB)]] Hybrid Rocket Team initiated their endeavors in 1999 within the Faculty of Technology, marking the pioneering institution in the Southern Hemisphere to engage with hybrid rockets. Over time, the team has achieved notable milestones, encompassing the creation of various sounding rockets and hybrid rocket engines. Presently, the team is known as the Chemical Propulsion Laboratory (CPL) and is situated at Campus UnB Gama. CPL has made significant strides in the advancement of critical hybrid engine technologies. This includes the development of a modular 1&nbsp;kN hybrid rocket engine for the SARA platform, an innovative methane-oxygen gas-torch ignition system, an efficient oxidizer feed system, precision flow control valves, and thrust vector control mechanisms tailored for hybrid engines. Additionally, they've achieved a breakthrough with a 3D-printed, actively cooled hybrid rocket engine. Furthermore, the Laboratory is actively engaged in diverse areas of research and development, with current projects spanning the formulation of hybrid engine fuels using paraffin wax and N2O, numerical simulations, optimization techniques, and rocket design. CPL collaborates extensively with governmental agencies, private investors, and other educational institutions, including FAPDF, FAPESP, CNPq, and AEB. A notable collaborative effort includes the Capital Rocket Team (CRT), a group of students from UnB, who are currently partnering with CPL to develop hybrid sounding rockets. In a remarkable achievement, CRT clinched the top spot in the 2022 Latin American Space Challenge (LASC).

[[University of California, Los Angeles]]'s student-run "Rocket Project at UCLA" launches hybrid propulsion rockets using [[nitrous oxide]] as an oxidizer and [[HTPB]] as the fuel. They are currently in the development process of their fifth student-built hybrid rocket engine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ares {{!}} RP@UCLA |url=http://rocketproject.seas.ucla.edu/Ares.html |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=rocketproject.seas.ucla.edu |archive-date=September 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911040926/http://rocketproject.seas.ucla.edu/Ares.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[University of Toronto]]'s student-run "University of Toronto Aerospace Team", designs and builds hybrid engine powered rockets. They are currently constructing a new engine testing facility at the [[University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies]], and are working towards breaking the Canadian amateur rocketry altitude record with their new rocket, Defiance MKIII, currently under rigorous testing. Defiance MK&nbsp;III's engine, QUASAR, is a [[Nitrous oxide|Nitrous]]-[[Paraffin wax|Paraffin]] hybrid engine, capable of producing 7&nbsp;kN of thrust for a period of 9&nbsp;seconds.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

In 2016, [[Pakistan]]'s [[DHA Suffa University]] successfully developed<ref>{{cite AV media |title=First hybrid rocket engine of Pakistan |medium=video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d8kBpVOVBkE  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/d8kBpVOVBkE| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Raheel-1, hybrid rocket engines in 1&nbsp;kN class, using [[paraffin wax]] and [[liquid oxygen]], thereby becoming the first university run rocket research program in the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan's first-ever hybrid rocket readying for launch |newspaper=The Express Tribune |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1170610/lift-off-pakistans-first-ever-hybrid-rocket-readying-launch/}}</ref> In [[India]], [[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra]] Space engineering and rocketry department has been working on Hybrid Projects with various fuels and oxidizers.

[[Pars Rocketry]] Group from [[Istanbul Technical University]] has designed and built the first hybrid rocket engine of [[Turkey]], the rocket engine extensively tested in May&nbsp;2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=ITU24 |series=Pars Rocketry Team |publisher=Istanbul Technical University |url=http://itu24.com/haber/pars-roket-takimi-1361}}</ref>

A United Kingdom-based team (laffin-gas) is using four [[nitrous oxide|N<sub>2</sub>O]] hybrid rockets in a drag-racing style car. Each rocket has an outer diameter of 150&nbsp;mm and is 1.4&nbsp;m long. They use a fuel grain of high-density wound paper soaked in cooking oil. The [[nitrous oxide|N<sub>2</sub>O]] supply is provided by Nitrogen-pressurised piston accumulators which provide a higher rate of delivery than [[nitrous oxide|N<sub>2</sub>O]] gas alone and also provide damping of any reverse shock.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

In Italy one of the leading centers for research in hybrid propellants rockets is CISAS (Center of Studies and Activities for Space) "G. Colombo", [[University of Padua]]. The activities cover all stages of the development: from theoretical analysis of the combustion process to numerical simulation using CFD codes, and then by conducting ground tests of small scale and large-scale rockets (up to 20&nbsp;kN, [[nitrous oxide|N<sub>2</sub>O]]-[[Paraffin wax]] based motors). One of these engines flew successfully in 2009. Since 2014, the research group is focused on the use of [[high test peroxide]] as oxidizer, in partnership with "Technology for Propulsion and Innovation", a university of Padua spin-off company.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hybrid propellant &#124; T4i |publisher=Space Technology for Innovation |url=http://www.t4innovation.com/chemical-thrusters/hybrid-propellant/}}</ref>

In [[Taiwan]], hybrid rocket system developments began in 2009 through R&D projects of [[NSPO]] with two university teams. Both teams employed [[nitrous oxide]] / [[HTPB]] propellant system with different improvement schemes. Several hybrid rockets have been successfully launched by NCKU and NCTU teams so far, reaching altitudes of 10–20&nbsp;km. Their plans include attempting 100–200&nbsp;km altitude launch to test nanosatellites, and developing orbital launch capabilities for nanosatellites in the long run. A sub-scale [[nitrous oxide|N<sub>2</sub>O]]/[[polyethylene|PE]] dual-vortical-flow (DVF) hybrid engine hot-fire test in 2014 has delivered an averaged Isp of 280 sec, which indicates that the system has reached around 97% combustion efficiency.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

In (Germany) the [[University of Stuttgart]]'s Student team HyEnd is the current world record holder for the highest-flying student-built hybrid rocket with their HEROS rockets.<ref>{{cite web |title=HEROS Launches |website=hybrid-engine-development.de |url=http://www.hybrid-engine-development.de/index.php/heros-launches |access-date=April 25, 2018 |archive-date=April 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426075837/http://www.hybrid-engine-development.de/index.php/heros-launches |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In [[Bangladesh]], Amateur Experimental Rocketry Dhaka supported by the American International University Bangladesh has also tested the country's first hybrid rocket engine, and are now working towards larger paraffin/nitrous oxide based prototypes.<ref>{{cite web |title= First hybrid rocket engine in Bangladesh tested successfully |date=September 13, 2023 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/campus/news/first-hybrid-rocket-engine-bangladesh-tested-successfully-3418016}}</ref>

The ''Aerospace Team'' of the [[Technische Universität Graz|TU Graz]], Austria, is also developing a hybrid-propellant rocket.<ref>{{cite web|title=ASTG Propulsion|url=https://www.astg.at/Propulsion.aspx|date=27 February 2021|access-date=February 27, 2021|archive-date=March 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305030608/https://astg.at/Propulsion.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Polish Student team PWr in Space at [[Wrocław University of Science and Technology]] has developed three hybrid rockets: R2 "Setka", R3 "Dziewięćdziesiątka dziewiątka" and the most powerful of all - R4 "Lynx" with a successful test at their test stand <ref>{{cite web |title=Rockets - PWr in Space |url=https://pwrinspace.pwr.edu.pl/html/Rockets.html |website=pwrinspace |publisher=PWr in Space |access-date=26 May 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Many other universities, such as [[Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University]], the [[University of Washington]], [[Purdue University]], the [[University of Michigan]] at Ann Arbor, the [[University of Arkansas at Little Rock]], [[Hendrix College]], the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign|University of Illinois]], [[Portland State University]], [[University of KwaZulu-Natal]], [[Texas A&M University]], [[Aarhus University]], [[Rice University]], and [[AGH University of Science and Technology]] have hybrid motor test stands that allow for student research with hybrid rockets.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}