Editing Human skin color (section)

=== Tanning response ===
Tanning response in humans is controlled by a variety of genes. ''MC1R'' variants ''Arg151Sys'' (rs1805007<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=1805007 Reference SNP(refSNP) Cluster Report: rs1805007] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195136/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=1805007 |date=2016-11-08 }}. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (2008-12-30).</ref>), ''Arg160Trp'' (rs1805008<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=1805008 Reference SNP(refSNP) Cluster Report: rs1805008] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161108140647/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=1805008 |date=2016-11-08 }}. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (2008-12-30).</ref>), ''Asp294Sys'' (rs1805009<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=1805009 Reference SNP(refSNP) Cluster Report: rs1805009] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161108135958/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=1805009 |date=2016-11-08 }}. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (2008-12-30).</ref>), ''Val60Leu'' (rs1805005<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=1805005 Reference SNP(refSNP) Cluster Report: rs1805005] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180328064754/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=1805005 |date=2018-03-28 }}. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (2008-12-30).</ref>) and ''Val92Met'' (rs2228479<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=2228479 Reference SNP(refSNP) Cluster Report: rs2228479] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180328111055/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=2228479 |date=2018-03-28 }}. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (2008-12-30).</ref>) have been associated with reduced tanning response in European and/or East Asian populations. These alleles show no signs of positive selection and only occur in relatively small numbers, reaching a peak in Europe with around 28% of the population having at least one allele of one of the variations.<ref name=Harding2000 /><ref>{{cite journal |title=Variants of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor gene are associated with red hair and fair skin in humans|journal=Nature Genetics |year=1995 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=328–30 |doi=10.1038/ng1195-328|pmid=7581459 |last1=Valverde|first1=P|last2=Healy|first2=E|last3=Jackson|first3=I|last4=Rees|first4=J. L.|last5=Thody|first5=A. J.|s2cid=7980311 }}</ref> A study of self-reported tanning ability and skin type in American non-[[Hispanic]] [[White American|Caucasians]] found that ''SLC24A5 Phe374Leu'' is significantly associated with reduced tanning ability and also associated ''TYR Arg402Gln'' (rs1126809<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=1126809 |title=Reference SNP (refSNP) Cluster Report: rs1126809 ** With Pathogenic allele ** |publisher=Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |date=2006-01-28 |access-date=2015-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722102440/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=1126809 |archive-date=2015-07-22 |url-status=live}}</ref>), ''OCA2 Arg305Trp'' (rs1800401<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=1800401 |title=Reference SNP (refSNP) Cluster Report: rs1800401 ** With Pathogenic allele ** |publisher=Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |date=2006-01-28 |access-date=2015-02-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203171523/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=1800401 |archive-date=2015-02-03 }}</ref>) and a 2-[[Single-nucleotide polymorphism|SNP]] [[haplotype]] in ''ASIP'' (rs4911414<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=4911414 Reference SNP(refSNP) Cluster Report: rs4911414 **clinically associated**] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180328061736/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=4911414 |date=2018-03-28 }}. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (2008-12-30). Retrieved 2011-02-27.</ref> and rs1015362<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=1015362 Reference SNP(refSNP) Cluster Report: rs1015362 **clinically associated**] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180328105513/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=1015362 |date=2018-03-28 }}. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (2008-12-30). Retrieved 2011-02-27.</ref>) to skin type variation within a "fair/medium/olive" context.<ref name=Nan2009>{{cite journal |last1=Nan |first1=Hongmei |last2=Kraft |first2=Peter |last3=Hunter |first3=David J. |last4=Han |first4=Jiali |title=Genetic variants in pigmentation genes, pigmentary phenotypes, and risk of skin cancer in Caucasians |journal=International Journal of Cancer |volume=125 |pages=909–17 |year=2009 |doi=10.1002/ijc.24327 |pmid=19384953 |issue=4 |pmc=2700213}}</ref>