Editing Hmong people (section)

===Hmong and Miao===
[[File:Can Cau market (6223927056).jpg|thumb|Hmong people at the Can Cau market, [[Si Ma Cai]], Vietnam]]

Some non-Chinese Hmong advocate for the term ''Hmong'' to be used not only to designate their dialect group {{citation needed span|date=April 2021|but also other Miao groups living in China.}} They generally claim that the word ''Miao'' or ''Meo'' is a derogatory term, with connotations of barbarism, that probably should not be used at all. The term was later adopted by [[Tai languages|Tai]]-speaking groups in Southeast Asia where it took on especially insulting associations for Hmong people despite its official status.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Tapp |first=Nicholas |year=2002 |title=Cultural Accommodations in Southwest China: The "Han Miao" and Problems in the Ethnography of the Hmong |url=https://asianethnology.org/downloads/ae/pdf/a1413.pdf |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=77–104 |doi=10.2307/1178678 |jstor=1178678 |id={{ProQuest|224529908}}}}</ref>

In modern China, the term ''Miao'' does not carry these negative associations, and people of the various sub-groups that constitute this officially recognized nationality freely identify themselves as Miao or Chinese, typically reserving more specific [[ethnonym]]s for intra-ethnic communication. During the struggle for political recognition after 1949, it was members of these ethnic minorities who campaigned for identification under the umbrella term ''Miao''{{snd}}taking advantage of its familiarity and associations of historical political oppression.<ref>Cheung Siu-Woo "Miao Identity in Western Guizhou: Indigenism and the politics of appropriation in the southwest china during the republican period" in Hmong or Miao in Asia. 237–40.</ref>

Contemporary transnational interactions between Hmong in the West and Miao groups in China, following the 1975 Hmong emigration, led to the development of a global Hmong identity that includes linguistically and culturally related minorities in China with no previous ethnic affiliation.<ref>Schien, Louisa. "Hmong/Miao Transnationality: Identity Beyond Culture." in Hmong or Miao in Asia. 274–75.</ref> Scholarly and commercial exchanges, increasingly made over the internet, have also resulted in an exchange of terminology, including some Hmong people accepting the designation ''Miao'' after visiting China and some nationalist non-Hmong Miao peoples identifying as Hmong.<ref name=":0" /> Such realignments of identity, while largely the concern of economically elite community leaders reflects a trend towards the interchangeability of the terms ''Hmong'' and ''Miao''.<ref>Lee, Gary Y.

{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070307015436/http://hmongstudies.org/GYLee.pdf Dreaming Across the Oceans: Globalization and Cultural Reinvention in the Hmong Diaspora]}}. Hmong Studies Journal, 7:1–33.</ref>