Editing History of medicine (section)

====Institutions====
The first medical schools were opened in the 9th century, most notably the [[Schola Medica Salernitana]] at Salerno in southern Italy. The cosmopolitan influences from Greek, Latin, Arabic, and Hebrew sources gave it an international reputation as the Hippocratic City. Students from wealthy families came for three years of preliminary studies and five of medical studies. The medicine, following the laws of Federico II, that he founded in 1224 the university and improved the Schola Salernitana, in the period between 1200 and 1400, it had in Sicily (so-called Sicilian Middle Ages) a particular development so much to create a true school of Jewish medicine.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vecchio I, Tornali C, Rampello L, Rampello L, Migliore M, Silvia G, Rigo GA | title = Jewish medicine and surgery in Catania, Italy before 1492. | journal = Acta Medica Mediterranea | date = January 2013 | volume = 29 | pages = 359–362 | url = https://www.iris.unict.it/retrieve/handle/20.500.11769/29763/14339/med2013_pag-359.pdf | access-date = 2022-09-20 | archive-date = 2022-09-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220920181028/https://www.iris.unict.it/retrieve/handle/20.500.11769/29763/14339/med2013_pag-359.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>

As a result of which, after a legal examination, was conferred to a Jewish Sicilian woman, [[Virdimura]], wife of another physician Pasquale of Catania, the historical record of before woman officially trained to exercise of the medical profession.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vecchio I, Di Mauro S, Tornali C, Rampello L, Migliore M, Rampello L, Rigo GS, Castellino P | title = Jewish medicine and surgery in sicily before 1492 | journal = Acta Medica Mediterranea | date = January 2012 | volume = 28 | pages = 77–82 | url = https://www.iris.unict.it/bitstream/20.500.11769/323611/2/2012%20Jewish%20%20Medicine%20and%20Surgery%20in%20Sicily%20Before%201492%20acta%20medica%20med%202012%2028%2077.pdf | access-date = 2022-09-20 | archive-date = 2022-09-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220920181028/https://www.iris.unict.it/bitstream/20.500.11769/323611/2/2012%20Jewish%20%20Medicine%20and%20Surgery%20in%20Sicily%20Before%201492%20acta%20medica%20med%202012%2028%2077.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>

At the [[University of Bologna]] the training of physicians began in 1219. The Italian city attracted students from across Europe. Taddeo Alderotti built a tradition of medical education that established the characteristic features of Italian learned medicine and was copied by medical schools elsewhere.[[Turisanus]] (d. 1320) was his student.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Siraisi NG | title = M Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine: An Introduction to Knowledge and Practice. | publisher = University of Chicago Press | date = May 2009 | page = 21 | isbn = 978-0-226-76131-2 }}</ref>

The [[University of Padua]] was founded about 1220 by walkouts from the [[University of Bologna]], and began teaching medicine in 1222. It played a leading role in the identification and treatment of diseases and ailments, specializing in autopsies and the inner workings of the body.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Bylebyl JJ | chapter = Chapter 10: The School of Padua: humanistic medicine in the 16th century |title=Health, Medicine and Mortality in the Sixteenth Century |date=1979 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge [England] |isbn=978-0-521-22643-1}}</ref> Starting in 1595, Padua's famous anatomical theatre drew artists and scientists studying the human body during public dissections. The intensive study of Galen led to critiques of Galen modeled on his own writing, as in the first book of Vesalius's ''De humani corporis fabrica.'' [[Andreas Vesalius]] held the chair of Surgery and Anatomy (''explicator chirurgiae'') and in 1543 published his anatomical discoveries in ''[[De Humani Corporis Fabrica]]''. He portrayed the human body as an interdependent system of organ groupings. The book triggered great public interest in dissections and caused many other European cities to establish anatomical theatres.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lo Presti R |year=2010 |title=Anatomy as Epistemology: The Body of Man and the Body of Medicine in Vesalius and his Ancient Sources (Celsus, Galen) |url=http://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/renref/article/view/15351 |journal=Renaissance and Reformation/Renaissance et Reforme |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=27–60 |access-date=2017-08-30 |archive-date=2017-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830200059/http://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/renref/article/view/15351 |url-status=live }}</ref>

By the thirteenth century, the medical school at Montpellier began to eclipse the Salernitan school. In the 12th century, universities were founded in Italy, France, and England, which soon developed schools of medicine. The [[University of Montpellier]] in France and Italy's [[University of Padua]] and [[University of Bologna]] were leading schools. Nearly all the learning was from lectures and readings in Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna, and Aristotle. In later centuries, the importance of universities founded in the late Middle Ages gradually increased, e.g. [[Charles University]] in Prague (established in 1348), [[Jagiellonian University]] in [[Kraków]] (1364), [[University of Vienna]] (1365), [[Heidelberg University]] (1386) and [[University of Greifswald]] (1456).
<gallery widths=170 heights=170>
File:ScuolaMedicaMiniatura.jpg|A miniature depicting the [[Schola Medica Salernitana]] in [[Salerno]] in Italy
File:The ruins of St. Giles Leper Hospital - geograph.org.uk - 834044.jpg|Ruins of [[Great Hospital|St. Giles Hospital (Great Hospital)]]
File:Collegium Maius 2017.jpg|The oldest Polish Collegium Medicum at [[Jagiellonian University]], founded in 1364
</gallery>