Editing History of England (section)

===Henry III===
{{main|Henry III of England}}
John's son, [[Henry III of England|Henry III]], was only 9 years old when he became king (1216–1272). He spent much of his reign fighting the barons over Magna Carta<ref>{{cite web|title=Library of Congress: Magna Carta: Muse and Mentor|website=[[Library of Congress]] |date=6 November 2014 |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/magna-carta-muse-and-mentor/confirmation-by-kings-and-parliament.html|access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref> and the royal rights, and was eventually forced to call the first "[[Parliament of England|parliament]]" in 1264. He was also unsuccessful on the continent, where he endeavoured to re-establish English control over [[Normandy]], [[County of Anjou|Anjou]], and [[Aquitaine]].<ref name="Carpenter 2004 310">{{Cite book |last=Carpenter |first=David A. |title=The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284 |date=2004 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-014824-4 |location=London |page=310}}</ref><ref>{{cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/printable/12950 |title=Henry III (1207–1272) |publication-date=September 2010 |year=2004 |last=Ridgeway |first=Huw W. |access-date=17 August 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130818075022/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/printable/12950 |archive-date=18 August 2013 |mode=cs2 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/12950 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

His reign was punctuated by many rebellions and civil wars, often provoked by incompetence and mismanagement in government and Henry's perceived over-reliance on French courtiers (thus restricting the influence of the English nobility). One of these rebellions—led by a disaffected courtier, [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort]]—was notable for its assembly of one of the earliest precursors to [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]]. In addition to fighting the [[Second Barons' War]], Henry III made war against Louis IX and was defeated during the [[Saintonge War]], yet Louis did not capitalise on his victory, respecting his opponent's rights.<ref name="Carpenter 2004 310"/>

Henry III's policies towards Jews began with relative tolerance, but became gradually more restrictive. In 1253 the [[Statute of Jewry]] reinforced physical segregation and demanded a previously notional requirement to wear square white badges.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hillaby |first1=Joe |title=The Palgrave Dictionary of Medieval Anglo-Jewish History |last2=Hillaby |first2=Caroline |date=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-23027-816-5 |location=Basingstoke |page=104}}</ref> Henry III also backed an accusation of child murder in Lincoln, ordering a Jew Copin to be executed and 91 Jews to be arrested for trial; 18 were killed. Popular superstitious fears were fuelled, and Catholic theological hostility combined with Baronial abuse of loan arrangements, resulting in [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort]]'s supporters targeting of Jewish communities in their [[Second Barons' War|revolt]]. This hostility, violence and controversy was the background to the increasingly oppressive measures that followed under Edward I.<ref name="Hillaby 2013 104–107"/>