Editing Head of state (section)

===Other prerogatives===

====Granting titles and honours====
* ''Example 1 (parliamentary monarchy):'' Article 113 of the [[Constitution of Belgium]] states:
** ''The [[Monarchy of Belgium|King]] may confer [[Belgian nobility|titles of nobility]], without ever having the power to attach privileges to them.''<ref name=belgium/>
* ''Example 2 (parliamentary monarchy):'' Article 23 of the [[Constitution of Norway]] states:
** ''The [[Monarchy of Norway|King]] may bestow [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Norway|orders]] upon whomever he pleases as a reward for distinguished services, and such orders must be publicly announced, but no rank or title other than that attached to any office. The order exempts no one from the common duties and burdens of citizens, nor does it carry with it any preferential admission to senior official posts in the State. Senior officials honourably discharged from office retain the title and rank of their office. This does not apply, however, to Members of the [[Norwegian Council of State|Council of State]] or the State Secretaries.<br />No personal, or mixed, hereditary privileges may henceforth be granted to anyone.''<ref name=norway/>
* ''Example 3 (parliamentary republic):'' Title II, Article 87, 8th section of the [[Constitution of Italy]] states:
** ''The [[President of Italy|President]] shall confer the [[List of Italian orders of knighthood|honorary distinctions of the Republic]].''<ref name=senato.it/>

====Immunity====
{{See also|Sovereign immunity|Immunity from prosecution (international law)}}
* ''Example 1 (parliamentary non-executive monarchy):'' Chapter 5, Article 8 of the [[Instrument of Government (1974)|Swedish Instrument of Government of 1974]] states:
** ''The [[Monarchy of Sweden|King or Queen]] who is Head of State cannot be prosecuted for his or her actions. Nor can a Regent be prosecuted for his or her actions as Head of State.''<ref name="sweden ig">[http://www.riksdagen.se/Global/dokument/dokument/laws/the-instrument-of-government-2012.pdf The Instrument of Government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520150842/http://www.riksdagen.se/Global/dokument/dokument/laws/the-instrument-of-government-2012.pdf |date=20 May 2014 }}, [[Riksdag of Sweden]]. Retrieved on 2 November 2012.</ref>
* ''Example 2 (parliamentary monarchy):'' Article 5 of the [[Constitution of Norway]] states:
** ''The [[Monarchy of Norway|King's]] person is sacred; he cannot be censured or accused. The responsibility rests with his [[Norwegian Council of State|Council]].''<ref name=norway/>
* ''Example 3 (parliamentary republic):'' Chapter 3, Article 65 of the [[Constitution of the Czech Republic]] states:
** ''(1) [[President of the Czech Republic|President of the Republic]] may not be detained, subjected to criminal prosecution or prosecuted for offence or other administrative delict.''
** ''(2) President of the Republic may be prosecuted for high treason at the [[Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic|Constitutional Court]] based on the [[Senate of the Parliament of the Czech Republic|Senate's]] suit. The punishment may be the loss of his presidential office and of his eligibility to regain it.''
** ''(3) Criminal prosecution for criminal offences committed by the President of the Republic while executing his office shall be ruled out forever.''<ref>[http://www.hrad.cz/en/czech-republic/constitution-of-the-cr.shtml Constitution of the Czech Republic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716211402/http://www.hrad.cz/en/czech-republic/constitution-of-the-cr.shtml |date=16 July 2012 }}, [[President of the Czech Republic|Prague Castle Administration]]. Retrieved on 11 November 2012.</ref>
* ''Example 4 (semi-presidential republic):'' Title II, Chapter I, Article 130 of the [[Constitution of Portugal]] states:
** ''1. The [[President of Portugal|President of the Republic]] answers before the [[Portuguese Supreme Court of Justice|Supreme Court of Justice]] for crimes committed in the exercise of his functions.''
** ''2. Proceedings may only be initiated by the [[Assembly of the Republic of Portugal|Assembly of the Republic]], upon a motion subscribed by one fifth and a decision passed by a two-thirds majority of all the Members of the Assembly of the Republic in full exercise of their office.''
** ''3. Conviction implies removal from office and disqualification from re-election.''
** ''4. For crimes that are not committed in the exercise of his functions, the President of the Republic answers before the common courts, once his term of office has ended.''<ref name=portugal/>
* ''Example 5 (executive monarchy):'' Article 64 of the [[Constitution of Qatar]]:
** ''The [[Emir of Qatar|Emir]] is the head of State. His person shall be inviolable and he must be respected by all.''<ref name=qatar/>

====Reserve powers====
{{See also|reserve power}}
* ''Example 1 (semi-presidential republic):'' Title II, Article 16 of the [[French Constitution of 1958]] states:
** ''Where the institutions of the Republic, the independence of the Nation, the integrity of its territory or the fulfilment of its international commitments are under serious and immediate threat, and where the proper functioning of the constitutional public authorities is interrupted, the [[President of France|President of the Republic]] shall take measures required by these circumstances, after formally consulting the [[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]], the [[French Parliament|Presidents of the Houses of Parliament]] and the [[Constitutional Council of France|Constitutional Council]].<br />He shall address the Nation and inform it of such measures.<br />The measures shall be designed to provide the constitutional public authorities as swiftly as possible, with the means to carry out their duties. The Constitutional Council shall be consulted with regard to such measures.<br />Parliament shall sit as of right.<br />The [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] shall not be dissolved during the exercise of such emergency powers.<br />After thirty days of the exercise of such emergency powers, the matter may be referred to the Constitutional Council by the [[List of Presidents of the National Assembly of France|President of the National Assembly]], the [[List of Presidents of the French Senate|President of the Senate]], sixty Members of the National Assembly or sixty [[Senate (France)|Senators]], so as to decide if the conditions laid down in paragraph one still apply. The Council shall make its decision publicly as soon as possible. It shall, as of right, carry out such an examination and shall make its decision in the same manner after sixty days of the exercise of emergency powers or at any moment thereafter.''<ref name=france>[http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/8ab.asp Constitution of October 4, 1958] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301072754/http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/8ab.asp |date=1 March 2010 }}, [[National Assembly (France)|The French National Assembly]]. Retrieved on 11 November 2012.</ref>
* ''Example 2 (executive monarchy):'' Articles 69 & 70 of the [[Constitution of Qatar]]:
** '''<small>Article 69</small>'''
*** ''The [[Emir of Qatar|Emir]] may, be a decree, declare [[Martial Law]]s in the country in the event of exceptional cases specified by the law; and in such cases, he may take all urgent necessary measures to counter any threat that undermine the safety of the State, the integrity of its territories or the security of its people and interests or obstruct the organs of the State from performing their duties. However, the decree must specify the nature of such exceptional cases for which the martial laws have been declared and clarify the measures taken to address this situation. [[Consultative Assembly of Qatar|Al-Shoura Council]] shall be notified of this decree within the fifteen days following its issue; and in the event that the Council is not in session for any reason whatsoever, the Council shall be notified of the decree at its first convening. Martial laws shall be declared for a limited period and the same shall not be extended unless approved by Al-Shoura Council.''
** '''<small>Article 70</small>'''
*** ''The Emir may, in the event of exceptional cases that require measures of utmost urgency which necessitate the issue of special laws and in case that Al-Shoura Council is not in session, issue pertinent decrees that have the power of law. Such decree-laws shall be submitted to Al-Shoura Council at its first meeting; and the Council may within a maximum period of forty days from the date of submission and with a two-thirds majority of its Members reject any of these decree-laws or request amendment thereof to be effected within a specified period of time; such decree-laws shall cease to have the power of law from the date of their rejection by the Council or where the period for effecting the amendments have expired.''<ref name=qatar/>

====Right of pardon====
{{See also|Pardon}}
* ''Example 1 (parliamentary monarchy):'' Section 24 of the [[Constitution of Denmark]] states:
** ''The [[Monarchy of Denmark|King]] can grant pardons and amnesties. He may only pardon [[:Template:Danish ministerial posts|Ministers]] convicted by the [[Court of Impeachment (Denmark)|Court of Impeachment]] with the consent of [[Folketing|Parliament]].''<ref name=denmark/>
* ''Example 2 (parliamentary republic):'' According to Chapter V, Article 60(2) of the [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany]]:
** ''He <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[President of Germany|The President]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> shall exercise the power to pardon individual offenders on behalf of the Federation.''<ref name=germany/>
* ''Example 3 (semi-presidential republic):'' Title II, Article 17 of the [[French Constitution of 1958]] states:
** ''The [[President of France|President of the Republic]] is vested with the power to grant individual pardons.''<ref name=france/>
* ''Example 4 (presidential republic):'' Article II, Section 2 of the [[Constitution of the United States]] provides that:
** ''...and he <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[President of the United States|The President]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of [[Federal impeachment in the United States|Impeachment]].''<ref name="us constitution"/>
* ''Example 5 (presidential parliamentary republic):'' Part XI, Article 80 of the [[Constitution of Nauru]]:
** ''The [[President of Nauru|President]] may-''
*** ''(a) grant a pardon, either free or subject to lawful conditions, to a person convicted of an offence;''
*** ''(b) grant to a person a [[Respite (law)|respite]], either indefinite or for a specified period, of the execution of a punishment imposed on that person for an offence;''
*** ''(c) substitute a less severe form of punishment for any punishment imposed on a person for an offence; or''
*** ''(d) remit the whole or a part of a punishment imposed on a person for an offence or of a penalty or forfeiture on account of an offence.''<ref name=nauru/>