Editing Hawaii (section)

==={{anchor|annexation}}Annexation – Territory of Hawai{{okina}}i (1898–1959)===
{{Main|Organic act#List of organic acts|Territory of Hawaii}}
[[File:1899BalanceCartoon.jpg|thumb|upright|In 1899 Uncle Sam balances his new possessions, which are racistly depicted in the [[pickaninny]] stereotype; the figures are [[Puerto Rico]], Hawaii, [[Cuba]], [[Philippines]] and "Ladrones" (the [[Mariana Islands]], including [[Guam]]).]]
After [[William McKinley]] won the 1896 U.S. presidential election, advocates pressed to annex the Republic of Hawai{{okina}}i. The previous president, Grover Cleveland, was a friend of Queen Lili{{okina}}uokalani. McKinley was open to persuasion by U.S. expansionists and by annexationists from Hawai{{okina}}i. He met with three non-native annexationists: [[Lorrin A. Thurston]], Francis March Hatch and [[William Ansel Kinney]]. After negotiations in June 1897, Secretary of State [[John Sherman (politician)|John Sherman]] agreed to a treaty of annexation with these representatives of the Republic of Hawai{{okina}}i.<ref>{{cite web |website= The [[Morgan Report]] |url= http://morganreport.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=1897_Annexation_Treaty |title= 1897 Hawaii Annexation Treaty |access-date= August 14, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100825165348/http://morganreport.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=1897_Annexation_Treaty |archive-date= August 25, 2010 |url-status= live }}</ref> The [[U.S. Senate]] never ratified the treaty. Despite the opposition of most native Hawaiians,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://libweb.hawaii.edu/digicoll/annexation/pet-intro.html |title=Anti-annexation petitions—Page 1 |publisher=Libweb.hawaii.edu |access-date=March 9, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317183803/http://libweb.hawaii.edu/digicoll/annexation/pet-intro.html |archive-date=March 17, 2012 }}</ref> the [[Newlands Resolution]] was used to annex the republic to the U.S.; it became the [[Territory of Hawaii|Territory of Hawai{{okina}}i]]. The Newlands Resolution was passed by the House on June 15, 1898, by 209 votes in favor to 91 against, and by the Senate on July 6, 1898, by a vote of 42 to 21.<ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=IjZPcGb2R08C|page=209}}|title=Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawai_i?|last=Dyke|first=Jon M. Van|date=January 1, 2008|publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press|isbn=9780824832117|page=209}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18980616.2.60|title=Sacramento Daily Union 16 June 1898—California Digital Newspaper Collection|website=cdnc.ucr.edu|access-date=February 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213163714/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18980616.2.60|archive-date=February 13, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hrmakahinui.com/Timeline_Kingdom_of_Hawaii.php|title=Annexation Timeline—of the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii|website=hrmakahinui.com|access-date=February 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117074544/http://hrmakahinui.com/Timeline_Kingdom_of_Hawaii.php|archive-date=November 17, 2016|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

A majority of Native Hawaiians opposed annexation, voiced chiefly by Lili{{okina}}uokalani, whom Hawaiian [[Haunani-Kay Trask]] described as beloved and respected by her people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Franklin |first1=Cynthia |last2=Lyons |first2=Laura E. |title=Land, Leadership, and Nation: Haunani-Kay Trask on the Testimonial Uses of Life Writing in Hawai{{okina}}i |date=2004 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23540436 |journal=Biography |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=222–249 |jstor=23540436 |issn=0162-4962}}</ref> Lili{{okina}}uokalani wrote, "it had not entered into our hearts to believe that these friends and allies from the United States&nbsp;... would ever go so far as to absolutely overthrow our form of government, seize our nation by the throat, and pass it over to an alien power" in her retelling of the overthrow of her government.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Liliuokalani, Queen of Hawaii |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1262093837 |title=Hawaii's story by Hawaii's Queen |date=February 23, 2021 |publisher=Mint Editions |isbn=978-1-5132-0902-9 |oclc=1262093837}}</ref> According to Trask, newspapers at the time argued Hawaiians would suffer "virtual enslavement under annexation", including further loss of lands and liberties, in particular to sugar plantation owners.<ref name="Verfasser">{{Cite book |last=Trask |first=Haunani-Kay |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1256413351 |title=From a Native Daughter : Colonialism and Sovereignty in Hawaii |year=1999 |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |isbn=978-0-8248-4702-9 |oclc=1256413351|edition=Revised }}</ref> These plantations were protected by the U.S. Navy as economic interests, justifying a continued military presence in the islands.<ref name="Verfasser"/>

In 1900, Hawai{{okina}}i was granted self-governance and retained [[Iolani Palace|{{okina}}Iolani Palace]] as the territorial capitol building. Despite several attempts to become a state, Hawaii remained a territory for 60 years. Plantation owners and capitalists, who maintained control through financial institutions such as the [[Big Five (Hawaii)|Big Five]], found territorial status convenient because they remained able to import cheap, foreign labor. Such immigration and labor practices were prohibited in many states.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/Hawaii-Statehood-Honolulu-Star-Bulletin/7223272607/bd|title=Hawaii Statehood—Honolulu Star-Bulletin by Hawaii: Honolulu, Hawaii No binding—Seth Kaller Inc|website=www.abebooks.co.uk|access-date=February 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213164159/https://www.abebooks.co.uk/Hawaii-Statehood-Honolulu-Star-Bulletin/7223272607/bd|archive-date=February 13, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:USS SHAW exploding Pearl Harbor Nara 80-G-16871 2.jpg|thumb|left|alt=The USS Shaw explodes during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.|The Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] in 1941 was the primary event which caused the United States to enter [[World War&nbsp;II]].]]

[[Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii|Puerto Rican immigration to Hawai{{okina}}i]] began in 1899, when Puerto Rico's sugar industry was devastated by [[1899 San Ciriaco hurricane|a hurricane]], causing a worldwide shortage of sugar and a huge demand for sugar from Hawai{{okina}}i. Hawaiian [[sugarcane]] [[Sugar plantations in Hawaii|plantation]] owners began to recruit experienced, unemployed laborers in Puerto Rico. Two waves of [[Korean immigration to Hawaii|Korean immigration to Hawai{{okina}}i]] occurred in the 20th century. The first wave arrived between 1903 and 1924; the second wave began in 1965 after President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signed the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]], which removed racial and national barriers and resulted in significantly altering the demographic mix in the U.S.<ref>{{cite news |title=1965 immigration law changed face of America |author=Jennifer Ludden |newspaper=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395 |publisher=NPR |access-date=September 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143552/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395 |archive-date=October 21, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

O{{okina}}ahu was the target of a surprise [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] by the [[Empire of Japan]] on December 7, 1941. The attack on Pearl Harbor and other military and naval installations, carried out by [[Warplane|aircraft]] and by [[midget submarine]]s, brought the United States into [[World War&nbsp;II]].<!-- The Japanese had justification to attack American held Hawai{{okina}}i since the Japanese Empire and the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i once had a political alliance when the last Crown Princess of Hawai{{okina}}i [[Kaʻiulani]] and Crown [[Prince Higashifushimi Yorihito]] were in love and they were supposed to marry if it wasn't prevented due to weight of their other responsibilities.{{cn}} -->