Editing Haifa (section)

===Ottoman period===
[[File:Haifa from hill side 1898.jpg|thumb|Haifa in 1898]]
Haifa was apparently uninhabited at the time the Ottoman Empire conquered Palestine in 1516. The first indication of its resettlement was given in a description by German traveller [[Leonhard Rauwolf]], who visited Palestine in 1575.<ref name=jsource2/> In 1596, Haifa appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the ''[[Nahiya]]'' of Sahil Atlit of the ''[[Liwa (Arabic)|Liwa]]'' of Lajjun. It had a population of 32 Muslim households and paid taxes on wheat, barley, summer crops, olives, and goats or beehives.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hütteroth |first1=W.-D.|author-link1=Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth  |first2=K. | last2=Abdulfattah |author-link2=Kamal Abdulfattah |title=Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |year=1977 |publisher=Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft |page=158}}</ref> Haifa was subsequently mentioned in the accounts of travelers as a half-ruined impoverished village with few inhabitants. The expansion of commercial trade between Europe and Palestine in the 17th century saw Haifa's revival as a flourishing port as more ships began docking there rather than [[Acre, Israel|Acre]].<ref name=JVL/>

In 1742, Haifa was a small village and had a Jewish community composed mainly of immigrants from [[Morocco]] and [[Algeria]] which had a synagogue.<ref name=JVL/> It had 250 inhabitants in 1764–5. It was located at Tell el-Semak, the site of ancient Sycaminum.<ref name=Seikalyp15/><ref name=Hohlfelderp42>{{cite book |last=Hohlfelder |first=Robert L. |page=42 |title=Mediterranean cities: historical perspectives |editor1=Irad Malkin |editor2=Robert L. Hohlfelder |edition=Illustrated, annotated, reprint |publisher=Routledge |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-7146-3353-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZt8xkmEwVwC&pg=PA42 |access-date=2 July 2011 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803000733/https://books.google.com/books?id=CZt8xkmEwVwC&pg=PA42 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1765, [[Zahir al-Umar]], the Arab ruler of Acre and the [[Galilee]], moved the population to a new fortified site {{cvt|1.5|mi|km|abbr=off}} to the east and laid waste to the old site.<ref name=Seikalyp15/><ref>Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period, 1864–1914: A Muslim Town in Transition By Mahmud Yazbak BRILL, 1998, {{ISBN|978-90-04-11051-9}} p 14</ref> According to historian Moshe Sharon, the new Haifa was established by Zahir in 1769.<ref>{{cite book |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae: H-I |volume=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1uNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA263 |first=Moshe |last=Sharon |author-link=Moshe Sharon |year=2013 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-25481-7 |page=262 |access-date=25 June 2015 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803025047/https://books.google.com/books?id=X1uNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA263 |url-status=live}}</ref> This event marked the beginning of modern Haifa.<ref name=Seikalyp15/> After al-Umar's death in 1775, the town remained under Ottoman rule until 1918, with the exception of two brief periods.

In 1799, [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]] conquered Haifa during his unsuccessful campaign to conquer Palestine and [[Syria]], but he soon had to withdraw; in the campaign's [[French Campaign in Egypt and Syria#Acre|final proclamation]], Napoleon took credit for having razed the fortifications of "Kaïffa" (as the name was spelled at the time) along with those of [[Gaza City|Gaza]], [[Jaffa]] and Acre.
[[File:HaifaColony.jpg|left|thumb|[[German Colony, Haifa|German Colony]] in the 19th century]]

Between 1831 and 1840, the Egyptian viceroy [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]] governed Haifa, after his son [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]] had wrested control over it from the Ottomans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tour-haifa.co.il/eng/modules/article/view.article.php/37/c2 |title=Haifa during the British Mandate Period |publisher=Tour-Haifa.co.il |access-date=15 February 2008 |archive-date=15 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415121907/http://www.tour-haifa.co.il/eng/modules/article/view.article.php/37/c2 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=modern>{{cite web |url=http://www.tour-haifa.co.il/eng/modules/article/view.article.php/38/c2 |title=Modern Haifa |access-date=15 February 2008 |publisher=Tour-Haifa.co.il |archive-date=15 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415121913/http://www.tour-haifa.co.il/eng/modules/article/view.article.php/38/c2 |url-status=live}}</ref> When the Egyptian occupation ended and Acre declined, the importance of Haifa rose. In 1858, the walled city of Haifa was overcrowded and the first houses began to be built outside the city walls on the mountain slope.<ref name=JVL/> The British Survey of Western Palestine estimated Haifa's population to be about 3,000 in 1859.<ref>Carmel, Alex: ''Ottoman Haifa: A History of Four Centuries under Turkish Rule'' (2010)</ref>

Haifa remained majority Muslim throughout this time but a small Jewish community continued to exist there. In 1798, Rabbi [[Nachman of Breslov]] spent [[Rosh HaShana]] with the Jewish community of Haifa. In 1839 the Jewish population numbered 124.<ref>[[Encyclopaedia Judaica|Encyclopedia Judaica]], ''Haifa'', Keter Publishing, Jerusalem, 1972, vol. 7, p. 1137.</ref> Due to the growing influence of the Carmelite monks, Haifa's Christian population also grew. By 1840 approximately 40% of the inhabitants were Christian Arabs.<ref name=jsource2/>

[[File:Location of Haifa German Templar Colony in the PEF Survey of Palestine.png|thumb|The new [[German Colony, Haifa]] is shown prominently in the 1880 [[PEF Survey of Palestine]] map.]]
The arrival of German messianics, many of whom were [[Templers (religious believers)|Templers]], in 1868, who settled in what is now known as the [[German Colony, Haifa|German Colony]], was a turning point in Haifa's development.<ref name=modern/> The Templers built and operated a steam-based [[power station]], opened factories and inaugurated carriage services to Acre, [[Nazareth]] and Tiberias, playing a key role in modernizing the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://schumacher.haifa.ac.il/templers.htm |title=Templers |access-date=27 January 2008 |publisher=University of Haifa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701120321/http://schumacher.haifa.ac.il/templers.htm |archive-date=1 July 2007}}</ref>
[[File:Haifa 1942.jpg|thumb|right|Haifa 1942 1:20,000]]

The first major wave of Jewish immigration to Haifa took place in the mid-19th century from Morocco, with a smaller wave of immigration from [[Turkey]] a few years later.<ref name=History>{{cite web |last=Gaon |first=Moshe David |url=https://www.hebrewbooks.org/36725 |title=The History of the Sephardi Jews in Israel |access-date=22 May 2021 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808044114/https://www.hebrewbooks.org/36725 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1870s, large numbers of Jewish and Arab migrants came to Haifa due to the town's growing prosperity. Jews constituted one-eighth of Haifa's population, almost all of whom were recent immigrants from Morocco and Turkey who lived in the Jewish Quarter, which was located in the eastern part of the town. Continued Jewish immigration gradually raised the Jewish population of Haifa, and included a small number of [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] families, most of whom opened hotels for Jewish migrants coming into the city. In 1875, the Jewish community of Haifa held its own census which counted the Jewish population at about 200.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPseCvbPsKsC&pg=PA107 |title=Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period, 1864–1914: A Muslim Town in Transition |isbn=978-90-04-11051-9 |last1=Yazbak |first1=Mahmoud |last2=Yazbak |first2=Maḥmūd |year=1998 |publisher=BRILL |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528161938/https://books.google.com/books?id=DPseCvbPsKsC&pg=PA107 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[First Aliyah]] of the late 19th century and the [[Second Aliyah]] of the early 20th century saw Jewish immigrants, mainly from Eastern Europe, arrive in Haifa in significant numbers. In particular, a significant number of Jewish immigrants from [[Romania]] settled in Haifa in the 1880s during the First Aliyah period. The Central Jewish Colonisation Society in Romania purchased over {{cvt|1000|acre|km2}} near Haifa. As the Jewish settlers had been city dwellers, they hired the former [[fellah]]in tenants to instruct them in agriculture.<ref>Oliphant, Laurence. (1886) ''Haifa, or Life in Modern Palestine''. Adamant Media Corporation, pp. 11–12</ref> The Jewish population rose from 1,500 in 1900 to 3,000 on the eve of [[World War I]].<ref>Carmel, Alex: ''Ottoman Haifa: A History of Four Centuries under Turkish Rule''</ref>

[[File:PikiWiki Israel 4802 Haifa 1930.jpg|thumb|View of Haifa from Mount Carmel in 1930]]In the early 20th century, Haifa began to emerge as an industrial port city and growing population center. A branch of the [[Hejaz Railway]], known as the [[Jezreel Valley railway]], was built between 1903 and 1905. The railway increased the city's volume of trade, and attracted workers and foreign merchants.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} In 1912, construction began on the Technion Institute of Technology, a Jewish technical school that was to later become one of Israel's top universities, although studies did not begin until 1924.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Devine |first1=Mary Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tntEAgAAQBAJ&dq=1912,+construction+began+on+the+Technion+Institute+of+Technology,&pg=PA391 |title=International Dictionary of University Histories |last2=Summerfield |first2=Carol |date=2 December 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-26217-5 |language=en}}</ref> The Jews of Haifa also founded numerous factories and cultural institutions.

==== Baháʼí faith's shrine ====
In 1909, Haifa became important to the [[Baháʼí Faith]] when the remains of the [[Báb]], founder of the Bábí Faith and forerunner of [[Baháʼu'lláh]] in the Baháʼí Faith, were moved from Acre to Haifa and [[Shrine of the Báb|interred in the shrine]] built on Mount Carmel. Baháʼís consider the shrine to be their second holiest place on Earth after the [[Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh]] in Acre. Its precise location on Mount Carmel was shown by Baháʼu'lláh himself to his eldest son, [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]], in 1891. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá planned the structure, which was designed and completed several years later by his grandson, [[Shoghi Effendi]]. In a separate room, the [[Shrine of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá|remains of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]] were buried in November 1921.<ref>{{cite news |title=Golden anniversary of the Queen of Carmel |url=http://news.bahai.org/story/252 |publisher=Baháʼí World News Service |date=12 October 2003 |access-date=12 May 2007 |archive-date=26 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526195914/http://news.bahai.org/story/252 |url-status=live}}</ref>