Editing Gujarati language (section)

====Tatsam====
{{lang|gu|તત્સમ}} ''tatsama'', "same as that". While Sanskrit eventually stopped being spoken vernacularly, in that it changed into [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|Middle Indo-Aryan]], it was nonetheless standardised and retained as a literary and [[liturgical language]] for long after. This category consists of these borrowed words of (more or less) pure Sanskrit character. They serve to enrich Gujarati and modern Indo-Aryan in its formal, technical, and religious vocabulary. They are recognisable by their Sanskrit inflections and markings; they are thus often treated as a separate grammatical category unto themselves.

{| class="wikitable"
!Tatsam
!English
!Gujarati
|-
||''lekhak''||writer||''lakhnār''
|-
||''vijetā''||winner||''jītnār''
|-
||''vikǎsit''||developed||''vikǎselũ''
|-
||''jāgǎraṇ''||awakening||''jāgvānũ''
|}

Many old tatsam words have changed their meanings or have had their meanings adopted for modern times. પ્રસારણ ''prasāraṇ'' means "spreading", but now it is used for "broadcasting". In addition to this are [[neologism]]s, often being [[calque]]s. An example is ''telephone'', which is [[Greek language|Greek]] for "far talk", translated as દુરભાષ ''durbhāṣ''. Most people, though, just use ફોન ''phon'' and thus neo-Sanskrit has varying degrees of acceptance.

So, while having unique ''tadbhav'' sets, modern IA languages have a common, higher ''tatsam'' pool. Also, ''tatsam''s and their derived ''tadbhav''s can also co-exist in a language; sometimes of no consequence and at other times with differences in meaning:
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="2"|Tatsam
!colspan="2"|Tadbhav
|-
||''[[karma]]''||Work—[[Dharmic]] religious concept of works or deeds whose divine consequences are experienced in this life or the next.||''kām''||work [without any religious connotations].
|-
||''kṣetra''||Field—Abstract sense, such as a field of knowledge or activity; ''khāngī kṣetra'' → private sector. Physical sense, but of higher or special importance; ''raṇǎkṣetra'' → battlefield.||''khetar''||field [in agricultural sense].
|}

What remains are words of foreign origin (''videśī''), as well as words of local origin that cannot be pegged as belonging to any of the three prior categories (''deśaj''). The former consists mainly of [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic]], and English, with trace elements of [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[Turkic languages|Turkish]]. While the phenomenon of English [[loanword]]s is relatively new, Perso-Arabic has a longer history behind it. Both English and Perso-Arabic influences are quite nationwide phenomena, in a way paralleling ''tatsam'' as a common vocabulary set or bank. What's more is how, beyond a transposition into general Indo-Aryan, the Perso-Arabic set has also been assimilated in a manner characteristic and relevant to the specific Indo-Aryan language it is being used in, bringing to mind ''tadbhav''.