Editing Guanches (section)

==Genetics==
[[File:Waffen der Canarios Torriani 1590.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Painting of Guanche warriors of [[Grand Canaria]] by [[:es:Leonardo Torriani|Leonardo Torriani]], 1592]]
{{Further|Bimbache#Genetics}}
{{See also|Kelif el Boroud#Genetics}}
{{harvnb|Maca-Meyer et al.|2003}} extracted 71 samples of [[mtDNA]] from Guanches buried at numerous Canary Islands (c. 1000 AD). The examined Guanches were found to have closest genetic affinities to modern Moroccan [[Berbers]], [[Canary Islanders]] and [[Spaniards]]. They carried a significantly high amount of the maternal haplogroup [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)#Haplogroup U6|U6b1]]. U6b1 is found at very low frequencies in North Africa today, and it was suggested that later developments have significantly altered the Berber gene pool. The authors of the study suggested that the Guanches were descended from migrants from mainland North Africa related to the Berbers, and that the Guanches contributed 42–73% to the maternal gene pool of modern Canary Islanders.{{sfn|Maca-Meyer et al.|2003}}

{{harvnb|Fregel et al.|2009a}} extracted 30 samples of [[Y-DNA]] from Guanches of the Canary Islands. These belonged to the paternal haplogroups [[Haplogroup E-M132|E1a*]], (3.33%), [[Haplogroup E-V68|E1b1b1a*]] (23.33%), [[Haplogroup E-Z827|E1b1b1b*]] (26.67%), [[Haplogroup I-M170|I*]] (6.67%), [[Haplogroup J-M267|J1*]] (16.67%), [[Haplogroup K-M9|K*]], [[Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)|P*]] (3.33%), and [[Haplogroup R-M269|R1b1b2]] (10.00%). E1a*, E1b1b1a* and E1b1b1b* are common lineages among Berbers, and their high frequency among the Guanches were considered evidence that they were migrants from North Africa. R1b1b2 and I* are very common in lineages in Europe, and their moderate frequency among the examined Guanche males was suggested to have been a result of prehistoric gene flow from Europe into the region across the [[Mediterranean]]. It was found that Guanche males contributed less to the gene pool of modern Canary Islanders than Guanche females (as would be expected from the extremely bloody conquest of the islands). Haplogroups typical among the Guanche have been found at high frequencies in [[Latin America]], suggesting that descendants of the Guanche played an active role in the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas]].{{sfn|Fregel et al.|2009a}}

[[File:Canarios Torriani 1590.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Painting of Guanches of [[Grand Canaria]] by [[:es:Leonardo Torriani|Leonardo Torriani]], 1592]]

{{harvnb|Fregel et al.|2009b}} extracted the mtDNA of 30 Guanches from [[La Palma]], (Benahoaritas). 93% of their mtDNA haplogroups were found to be of [[West Eurasia]]n origin, while 7% were of [[sub-Saharan Africa]]n origin. About 15% of their West Eurasian maternal lineages are specific to [[Europe]] and the [[Near East]] rather than North Africa, suggesting that the Benahoaritas traced partial descent from either of these regions. The examined Benahoaritas were found to have high frequencies of the maternal haplogroups U6b1 and [[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)#H1|H1-16260]]. U6b1 has not been found in North Africa, while H1-16260 is "extremely rare." The results suggested that the North African population from whom the Benahoaritas and other Guanches descended has been largely replaced by subsequent migrations.{{sfn|Fregel et al.|2009b}}

[[File:Gomeros.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Painting of Gomeros of [[La Gomera]] by [[:es:Leonardo Torriani|Leonardo Torriani]], 1592]]

{{harvnb|Pereira et al.|2010}} studies the origins of the maternal haplogroup [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)#Haplogroup U6|U6]], which is characteristic of Guanches. It was suggested that the U6 was brought to North Africa by [[Cro-Magnon]]-like humans from the Near East during the [[Upper Paleolithic]], who were probably responsible for the formation of the [[Iberomaurusian]] culture.{{sfn|Pereira et al.|2010}} It was also suggested that the maternal haplogroup H1, also frequent among Guanches, was brought to North Africa during the [[Holocene]] by migrants from Iberia, who may have participated in the formation of the [[Capsian culture]].{{sfn|Pereira et al.|2010}} In a further study, {{harvnb|Secher et al.|2014}} suggested that U6 was brought to the Levant from Central Europe in the [[Upper Paleolithic]] by people of the [[Aurignacian]] culture, forming the [[Levantine Aurignacian]] (c. 33000 BC), whose descendants had then further spread U6 as part of a remigration into Africa. U6b1a was suggested to have been brought to the Canary Islands during the initial wave of settlement by Guanches, while U6c1 was suggested to have been brought in a second wave.{{sfn|Secher et al.|2014}}

[[File:Bimbaches.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Painting of [[Bimbache]] of [[El Hierro]] by [[:es:Leonardo Torriani|Leonardo Torriani]], 1592]]

{{harvnb|Fregel et al.|2015}} examined the mtDNA of Guanches of [[La Gomera]] (Gomeros). 65% of the examined Gomeros were found to be carriers of the maternal haplogroup U6b1a. The Gomero appeared to be descended from the earliest wave of settlers to the Canary Islands. The maternal haplogroups [[Haplogroup T (mtDNA)|T2c1]] and [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)#Haplogroup U6|U6c1]] may have been introduced in a second wave of colonization affecting the other islands. It was noted that 44% of modern La Gomerans carry U6b1a. It was determined that La Gomerans have the highest amount of Guanche ancestry among modern Canary Islanders.{{sfn|Fregel et al.|2015}}

{{harvnb|Ordóñez et al.|2017}} examined the remains of a large number of Guanches of El Hierro ([[Bimbache]]) buried at Punta Azul, El Hierro (c. 1015–1200 AD). The 16 samples of Y-DNA extracted belonged to the paternal haplogroups [[Haplogroup E-M132|E1a]] (1 sample), [[Haplogroup E-V68|E1b1b1a1]] (7 samples) and [[Haplogroup R-M269|R1b1a2]] (R1b-M269) (7 samples).{{sfn|Ordóñez et al.|2017|p=24|loc=Table 2}} All the extracted samples of [[mtDNA]] belonged to the maternal haplogroup [[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)#H1|H1-1626]]. The Bimbache were identified as descendants of the first wave of Guanche settlers on the Canary Islands, as they lacked the paternal and maternal lineages identified with the hypothetical second wave.{{sfn|Ordóñez et al.|2017}}

{{harvnb|Rodríguez-Varela et al.|2017}} examined the [[atDNA]] of 11 Guanches buried at Gran Canaria and Tenerife. The 3 samples of Y-DNA extracted all belonged to the paternal haplogroup [[Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)|E1b1b1b1a1]] (E-M183), while the 11 samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to the maternal haplogroups [[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)|H1cf]], [[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)|H2a]], [[Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)|L3b1a]] (3 samples), [[Haplogroup T (mtDNA)|T2c12]], U6b1a (3 samples), [[Haplogroup J (mtDNA)|J1c3]] and U6b.{{sfn|Rodríguez-Varela et al.|2017|p=3397|loc=Table 1}} It was determined that the examined Guanches were genetically similar between the 7th and 11th centuries AD, and that they displayed closest genetic affinity to modern North Africans, "but with a tendency (especially for individuals from Gran Canaria) to occupy a space outside modern Northwest African variation, closer to Europeans." The evidence supported the notion that the Guanches were descended from a Berber-like population who had migrated from mainland North Africa. Among modern populations, Guanches were also found to be genetically similar to modern [[Sardinians]]. Some models found the Guanche to be more closely related to modern Sardinians than modern North Africans. They were determined to be carriers of [[Early European Farmer]] (EEF) ancestry, which probably spread into North Africa from Iberia during the Neolithic, or perhaps also later.<ref>{{harvnb|Rodríguez-Varela et al.|2017}}. "The results of the ADMIXTURE analysis furthermore show that the Guanches carried early European farmer (EEF)-like ancestry..."</ref> One Guanche was also found to have ancestry related to European hunter-gathers, providing further evidence of prehistoric gene flow from Europe. It was estimated that modern Canary Islanders derive 16–31% of their atDNA from the Guanches. Furthermore, according to the phenotype analysis, these Guanche samples were showing light and medium skin, dark hair and brown eyes.{{sfn|Rodríguez-Varela et al.|2017}}

{{harvnb|Fregel et al.|2018}} examined remains at the Late Neolithic site of [[Kelif el Boroud]], Morocco (c. 3780–3650 BC). The Kelif el Boroud people were modeled as being equally descended from people buried at the Neolithic sites of [[Ifri N'Ammar]], Morocco (c. 5325–4786 BC) and the [[Cave of El Toro]], Spain (c. 5280–4750 BC). The Kelif el Boroud were thus determined to have carried 50% EEF ancestry, which may have spread with the [[Cardial Ware]] culture from Iberia to North Africa during the Neolithic. After the Kelif el Boroud people, additional European ancestry may have been brought to the region from Iberia by people of the [[Bell Beaker culture]]. Guanches were found to the genetically very similar to the Kelif el Boroud people.{{sfn|Fregel et al.|2018}} In a 2020 review Fregel et al. identified European Bronze Age ancestry in the Guanches, which could be explained by "the presence of Bell-Beaker pottery in the North African archaeological record," as well as observing a certain admixture "possibly related to trans-Saharan migrations".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fregel |first1=Rosa |display-authors=etal |date=2020 |title=The demography of the Canary Islands from a genetic perspective |url=https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R64/6028725?login=false |journal=Human Molecular Genetics |volume=30 |issue=R1 |pages=R64–R71 |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddaa262 |pmid=33295602 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{harvnb|Fregel et al.|2019}} examined the mtDNA of 48 Guanches buried on all the islands of the Canaries. They were found to be carrying maternal lineages characteristic of North Africa, Europe and the Near East, with Eurasian lineages centered around the Mediterranean being the most common. It was suggested that some of these Eurasian haplogroups had arrived in the region through Chalcolithic and Bronze Age migrations from Europe. Genetic diversity was found to be the highest at Gran Canaria, Tenerife, and La Palma, while Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and particularly La Gomera and El Hierro had low diversity. Significant genetic differences were detected between Guanches of western and eastern islands, which supported the notion that Guanches were descended from two distinct migration waves. It was considered significant that 40% of all examined Guanches so far belonged to the maternal [[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)|haplogroup H]].{{sfn|Fregel et al.|2019}}
[[File:Spatial frequency distribution (%) of haplogroup H1 in western Eurasia and North Africa..png|thumb|Spatial frequency distribution (%) of haplogroup H1 in western Eurasia and North Africa]]
Serrano et al. 2023 analysed genome-wide data from 49 Guanche individuals, whose ancestry was modelled as comprising 73.3% [[Kehf el Baroud|Morocco Late Neolithic]], 6.9% Morocco Early Neolithic, 13.4% [[Bell Beaker culture|Germany Bell Beaker]] and 6.4% [[Genetic history of Eastern Africa#Ancient DNA|Mota]], on average, with Germany Bell Beaker ancestry reaching 16.2% and 17.9% in samples from Gran Canaria and Lanzarote respectively.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=14 |issue=4641 |date=2023 |title=The genomic history of the indigenous people of the Canary Islands |last1=Serrano |first1=J.G. |page=4641 |display-authors=etal |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-40198-w |doi-access=free |pmid=37582830 |pmc=10427657 |bibcode=2023NatCo..14.4641S |hdl=10553/124288 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> The mtDNA results indicated some heterogeneity, as many islands had a greater affinity with populations from Europe, while others were more akin to ancient individuals from prehistoric North Africa. Overall, they formed a cluster with Late Neolithic Moroccans and contemporary North Africans, these observations said to be consistent with other studies.<ref name=":0" /> 

=== Mitochondrial DNA ===
Regarding mitochondrial DNA, the maternal lineages are characterized by the prevalence of North-African lineages, followed by Europeans and finally in a small percentage by Sub-Saharans. According to different studies, the percentages are the following:

{| class="wikitable"
! !! North-African !! European !! Sub-Saharan

|-
| '''Canary Islands<ref>Elston. 1971, [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5571751/ The estimation of admixture in racial hybrids]</ref>'''|| 57% ||43% || 0

|-
| '''Canary Islands<ref>Nicole Maca Meyer. 2002, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/39379735_Composicion_genetica_de_poblaciones_historicas_y_prehistoricas_humanas_de_las_Islas_Canarias Composición genética de poblaciones históricas y prehistóricas humanas de las Islas Canarias]</ref>'''|| 50.2% ||43.2% || 6.6%
|-
| '''Gran Canaria<ref>[https://www.scielo.br/j/gmb/a/B6p9mWfjxjtCFqGWGff7hYD/?lang=en Ribeiro's typology, genomes, and Spanish colonialism, as viewed from Gran Canaria and Colombia ]</ref>'''|| 55% || 45% || 0
|}

=== Autosomal DNA ===
A 2018 study of 400 adult men and women of all the islands, except La Graciosa, examined the relationship of Canarian genetic diversity with the more prevalent complex diseases in the archipelago. It detected that Canarian DNA shows distinctive genetics, resulting from variables such as the geographical isolation of the islands, environmental adaptations and the historical mixture of Pre-Hispanic population of the archipelago (coming from North Africa), with European and Sub-Saharan individuals. Specifically, the study estimated that the Canarian population, at an autosomal level, is 80% European, 17% North-African and 3% Sub-Saharan.<ref name="sociedad">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Cuatro apellidos canarios, un bisabuelo peninsular y otro africano |url=https://www.canarias7.es/sociedad/cuatro-apellidos-canarios-un-bisabuelo-peninsular-y-otro-africano-YH6339320 |access-date=17 March 2024 |website=[[Canarias7]] |language=es |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

The table below shows the genomic proportions of North African and Sub-Saharan African ancestry by island.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Guillen-Guio |first1=Beatriz |last2=Lorenzo-Salazar |first2=Jose M. |last3=González-Montelongo |first3=Rafaela |last4=Díaz-de Usera |first4=Ana |last5=Marcelino-Rodríguez |first5=Itahisa |last6=Corrales |first6=Almudena |last7=Cabrera de León |first7=Antonio |last8=Alonso |first8=Santos |last9=Flores |first9=Carlos |display-authors=1 |date=December 2018 |title=Genomic Analyses of Human European Diversity at the Southwestern Edge: Isolation, African Influence and Disease Associations in the Canary Islands |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/35/12/3010/5115937 |journal=[[Molecular Biology and Evolution]] |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=3015 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msy190 |pmid=30289472 |pmc=6278859}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! !! colspan="3" | North African !! colspan="3" | Sub-Saharan African 
|-
| || '''Minimum'''|| '''Average'''|| '''Maximum'''|| '''Minimum'''|| '''Average'''|| '''Maximum'''
|-
| '''Fuerteventura'''|| 0.218 || 0.255 || 0.296 || 0.011 || 0.027 || 0.046
|-
| '''Lanzarote'''|| 0.214 || 0.254 || 0.296 || 0.014 || 0.032 || 0.057
|-
| '''Gran Canaria'''|| 0.155 || 0.200 || 0.264 || 0.005 || 0.032 || 0.082
|-
| '''Tenerife'''|| 0.149 || 0.208 || 0.255 || 0.002 || 0.015 || 0.057
|-
| '''La Gomera'''|| 0.160 || 0.221 || 0.289 || 0.013 || 0.048 || 0.092
|-
| '''La Palma'''|| 0.170 || 0.200 || 0.245 || 0.000 || 0.013 || 0.032
|-
| '''El Hierro'''|| 0.192 || 0.246 || 0.299 || 0.005 || 0.020 || 0.032
|}