Editing Grunge (section)

==Graphic design==
Regarding graphic design and images, a common feature of grunge bands was the use of "lo-fi" (low fidelity) and deliberately unconventional album covers, for example presenting intentionally murky or miscolored photography, collage or [[Distressing|distressed]] lettering. Early grunge "[a]lbum covers and concert flyers appeared Xeroxed not in allegiance to some [[DIY]] aesthetic" but because of "economic necessity", as "bands had so little money".<ref>Dousner, Stephen. "Is there anything left to say about Kurt Cobain's legacy". ''Pitchfork''. March 31, 2014</ref> This was already a common feature of punk rock design, but could be extended in the grunge period due to the increasing use of [[Macintosh computer]]s for desktop publishing and digital image processing. The style was sometimes called 'grunge typography' when used outside music.<ref name="Liu">{{cite news|last1=Liu|first1=Caitlin|title=Creating a New Generation of Vivid Typefaces|work=The New York Times |date=5 August 1996 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/05/business/creating-a-new-generation-of-vivid-typefaces.html?pagewanted=all|access-date=February 6, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Walker">{{cite news|last1=Walker|first1=Rob|title=Type Casting|work=The New York Times |date=17 July 2005 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/17/magazine/type-casting.html|access-date=February 6, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Businessweek">{{cite news|last1=Brustein|first1=Joshua|title=Font War: Inside the Design World's $20 Million Divorce|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-04-08/font-war-inside-the-design-worlds-20-million-divorce|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408183310/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-04-08/font-war-inside-the-design-worlds-20-million-divorce|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 8, 2014|work=Businessweek|access-date=September 28, 2014|date=2014-05-16}}</ref> A famous example of 'grunge'-style experimental design was ''[[Ray Gun (magazine)|Ray Gun]]'' magazine, art directed by [[David Carson (graphic designer)|David Carson]].<ref name="The Rise And Fall Of Grunge Typography">{{cite web|last1=Shetty|first1=Sharan|title=The Rise And Fall Of Grunge Typography|url=http://www.theawl.com/2012/08/grunge-typography|website=The Awl|date=August 21, 2012|access-date=September 25, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925150838/http://www.theawl.com/2012/08/grunge-typography|archive-date=September 25, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Palladino">{{cite web|last=Palladino|first=Valentina|title=Angst, imagination, and the Ray Gun Effect: a history of grunge typography|url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/12/27/5247944/the-awl-history-of-grunge-typography|work=The Verge|publisher=Vox Media|access-date=December 29, 2013|date=December 27, 2013}}</ref>

Carson developed a technique of "ripping, shredding and remaking letters"<ref name="The Rise And Fall Of Grunge Typography" /><ref name="Palladino" />  and using "overprinted, disharmonious letters" and experimental design approaches, including "deliberate 'mistakes' in alignment".<ref name="Eskilon, Stephen 2012">Eskilon, Stephen. ''Graphic Design: A New History, Second Edition''. Yale University Press, 2012.</ref> Carson's art used "messy and chaotic design" and he did not "respect any rule of composition", using an "experimental, personal and intuitive" approach.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flipsnack.com/blog/5-useful-design-tips-from-the-father-of-grunge-david-carson/ |title=5 useful design tips from the father of grunge David Carson |last=Coroi |first=Patricia |date=May 19, 2016 |publisher=Flipsnack |access-date=February 22, 2017}}</ref> Another "grunge graphic designer" was [[Elliott Earls]], who used "distorted ... older typefaces" and "aggressively illegible" type which adopted the "unkempt expressiveness" of the "grunge [music] aesthetic"; this radical, anti-establishment approach in graphic design was influenced by the 1910s-era avant-garde [[Dada]] movement.<ref name="Eskilon, Stephen 2012" /> Hat Nguyen's Droplet, Harriet Goren's Morire and Eric Lin's Tema Canante were all "signature grunge fonts."<ref name="The Rise And Fall Of Grunge Typography" /><ref name="Palladino" /> Sven Lennartz states that grunge design images have a "realistic, genuine look" which is created by adding simulated torn paper, dog-eared corners, creases, yellowed scotch tape, coffee cup stains, hand-drawn images and handwritten words, typically over a "dirty" background texture which is done with dull, subdued colors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2008/03/the-secrets-of-grunge-design/ |title=The Secrets of Grunge Design|last=Lennartz |first=Sven|date=March 11, 2008|work=Smashing Magazine |access-date= March 15, 2017}}</ref>

A key figure in creating the "look" of the grunge scene for outsiders was music photographer [[Charles Peterson (photographer)|Charles Peterson]]. Peterson's black and white, uncropped, and sometimes blurry shots of the underground Pacific Northwest music scene's members playing and jamming, wearing their characteristic everyday clothes, were used by Sub Pop to promote its Seattle bands.