Editing Golden Horde (section)

== Disintegration and succession ==

=== Khanate of Sibir (1405) ===

The [[Khanate of Sibir]] was ruled by a dynasty originating with [[Taibuga]] in 1405 at [[Chimgi-Tura]]. After his death in 1428, the khanate was ruled by the [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]]{{Clarify|reason=Was he really an Uzbek (related to modern-day Uzbeks) or a Shaybanid or just a ruler of the state called as the Uzbek Khanate|date=May 2021}} khan [[Abu'l-Khayr Khan]]. When he died in 1468, the khanate split in two, with the [[Shaybanid]] [[Ibak Khan]] situated in Chimgi-Tura, and the Taibugid Muhammad at the fortress of Sibir, from which the khanate derives its name.{{sfn|Forsyth|1992|pp=25–26}}

=== Uzbek Khanate (1428) ===

After 1419, the Golden Horde functionally ceased to exist. [[Ulugh Muhammad]] was officially Khan of the Golden Horde but his authority was limited to the lower banks of the Volga where Tokhtamysh's other son Kepek also reigned. The Golden Horde's influence was replaced in Eastern Europe by the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], who Ulugh Muhammad turned to for support. The political situation in the Golden Horde did not stabilize. In 1422, the grandson of [[Urus Khan]], [[Barak Khan]], attacked the reigning khans in the west. Within two years, Ulugh, Kepek, and another claimant [[Dawlat Berdi]], were defeated. Ulugh Muhammad fled to Lithuania, Kepek tried to raid [[Odoyev]] and [[Ryazan]] but failed to establish himself in those regions, and Dawlat took advantage of the situation to seize Crimea. Barak defeated an invasion by [[Ulugh Beg]] in 1427 but was assassinated the next year. His successor, [[Abu'l-Khayr Khan]], founded the [[Uzbek Khanate]].{{sfn|Vernadsky|1953|p=293}}

=== Nogai Horde (1440s) ===

By the 1440s, a descendant of [[Edigu]] by the name of Musa bin Waqqas was ruling at [[Saray-Jük]] as an independent khan of the [[Nogai Horde]].{{sfn|Frank|2009|p=242}}

=== Khanate of Kazan (1445) ===

Ulugh Muhammad ousted Dawlat Berdi from Crimea. At the same time, the khan [[Hacı I Giray]] fled to Lithuania to ask Vytautas for support. In 1426, Ulugh Muhammad contributed troops to Vytautas' war against [[Pskov]]. Despite the Golden Horde's greatly reduced status, both [[Yury of Zvenigorod]] and [[Vasily Kosoy]] still visited Ulugh Muhammad's court in 1432 to request a grand ducal patent. A year later, Ulugh Muhammad lost the throne to [[Sayid Ahmad I]], a son of [[Tokhtamysh]]. Ulugh Muhammad fled to the town of [[Belyov]] on the upper [[Oka River]], where he came into conflict with [[Grand Duchy of Moscow|Moscow]]. [[Vasily II of Moscow]] attempted to drive him out but was defeated at the [[Battle of Belyov]]. Ulugh Muhammad became master of Belyov. Ulugh Muhammad continued to exert influence on Moscow, occupying Gorodets in 1444. Vasily II even wanted him to issue him a patent for the throne, but Ulugh Muhammad attacked him instead at [[Murom]] in 1445. On 7 July, Vasily II was defeated and taken prisoner by Ulugh Muhammad at the [[Battle of Suzdal]]. Despite his victory, Ulugh Muhammad's situation was pressed. The Golden Horde was no more, he had barely 10,000 soldiers, and thus could not press the advantage against Moscow. A few months later he released Vasily II for a ransom of 25,000 rubles. Unfortunately, Ulugh Muhammad was murdered by his son, [[Mäxmüd of Kazan]], who fled to the middle Volga region and founded the [[Khanate of Kazan]] in 1445.{{sfn|Vernadsky|1953|pp=296–319}} In 1447, Mäxmüd sent an army against Moscow but was repelled.{{sfn|Vernadsky|1953|p=329}}

=== Crimean Khanate (1449) ===

In 1449, Hacı I Giray seized Crimea from Ahmad I, and founded the Crimean Khanate.{{sfn|Vernadsky|1953|p=329}} The Crimean Khanate considered its state as the heir and legal successor of the Golden Horde and [[Desht-i Kipchak]], called themselves khans of "the Great Horde, the Great State and the Throne of the Crimea".<ref>Documents of the Crimean khanate from the collection of Huseyn Feyzkhanov / comp. and the transliteration. R. R. Abdujalilov; scientific. edited by I. Mingaleev. – Simferopol: LLC "Konstanta". 2017.  816 p. {{ISBN|978-5-906952-38-7}}</ref><ref>Sagit Faizov. Letters of khans Islam Giray III and Muhammad Giray IV to Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich and king Jan Kazimir, 1654–1658: Crimean Tatar diplomacy in polit. post-Pereyaslav context. time. Moscow: Humanitarii, 2003.  166 p. {{ISBN|5-89221-075-8}}</ref>

=== Qasim Khanate (1452) ===

One of Ulugh Muhammad's sons, [[Qasim Khan]], fled to Moscow, where Vasily II granted him land that became the [[Qasim Khanate]].{{sfn|Vernadsky|1953|p=329}}

=== Kazakh Khanate (1458) ===

In 1458, [[Janibek Khan]] and [[Kerei Khan]] led 200,000 of [[Abu'l-Khayr Khan]]'s followers eastwards to the [[Chu River]] where [[Esen Buqa II]] of [[Moghulistan]] granted them pasture lands. After Abu'l-Khayr Khan died in 1467, they assumed leadership over most of his followers, and became the [[Kazakh Khanate]].{{sfn|Christian|2018|p=63}}

=== Great Horde (1459–1502) ===

[[File:Facial Chronicle - b.16, p. 462 - Great standing on the Ugra.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Great Stand on the Ugra River]] in 1480, miniature from the [[Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible]]]]
In 1435, the khan [[Küchük Muhammad]] ousted Sayid Ahmad. He attacked Ryazan and suffered a major defeat against the forces of Vasily II. Sayid Ahmad continued to raid Muscovy and in 1449 made a direct attack on Moscow. However he was defeated by Muscovy's ally [[Qasim Khan]]. In 1450, Küchük Muhammad attacked [[Ryazan]] but was turned back by a combined Russo-Tatar army. In 1451, Sayid Ahmad tried to take Moscow again and failed.{{sfn|Vernadsky|1953|p=330}}

Küchük Muhammad was succeeded by his son [[Mahmud bin Küchük]] in 1459, from which point on the Golden Horde came to be known as the [[Great Horde]]. Mahmud was succeeded by his brother [[Ahmed Khan bin Küchük]] in 1465. In 1469, Ahmed attacked and killed the [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] [[Abu'l-Khayr Khan]]. In the summer of 1470, Ahmed organized an attack against [[Moldavia]], the [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]], and [[Lithuania]]. By August 20, the Moldavian forces under [[Stephen the Great]] defeated the Tatars at the [[battle of Lipnic]]. In 1474 and 1476, Ahmed insisted that [[Ivan III of Russia|Ivan III]], the grand prince of Moscow, recognize the khan as his overlord. In 1480, Ahmed organized a military campaign against Moscow, resulting in a face off between two opposing armies known as the [[Great Stand on the Ugra River]]. Ahmed judged the conditions unfavorable and retreated. This incident formally ended the "Tatar yoke" over the Russian lands.<ref name="Millar">{{cite book |last=Millar |first=James R. |title=Encyclopedia of Russian History |date=2004 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |location=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-KYwQEACAAJ |isbn=9780028656939 |page=688}}</ref> On 6 January 1481, Ahmed was killed by [[Ibak Khan]], the prince of the [[Khanate of Sibir]], and [[Nogays]] at the mouth of the Donets River.{{sfn|Vernadsky|1953|p=332}}

Ahmed's sons were unable to maintain the Great Horde. They attacked the Kingdom of Poland and the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] (which possessed much of [[Ukraine]] at the time) in 1487–1491 and reached as far as [[Lublin]] in eastern Poland before being decisively beaten at [[Zaslavl]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.strangelove.net/~kieser/Russia/foreigninteractionC.html |title=Russian Interaction with Foreign Lands |publisher=Strangelove.net |access-date=2014-04-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118152434/http://www.strangelove.net/~kieser/Russia/foreigninteractionC.html |archive-date=2009-01-18 }}</ref>

The [[Crimean Khanate]], which had become a vassal state of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1475, subjugated what remained of the Great Horde, sacking Sarai in 1502. After seeking refuge in Lithuania, [[Sheikh Ahmed]], last Khan of the Horde, died in prison in the [[Kaunas Castle]] some time after 1504. According to other sources, he was released from the Lithuanian prison in 1527.{{sfnp|Kołodziejczyk|2011|p=66}}

Records of Golden Horde existence reach however as far as end of 18th century and it was mentioned in works of Russian publisher [[Nikolay Novikov]] in his work of 1773 "Ancient Russian Hydrography".<ref>[[Nikolay Novikov]]. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=AJX5AgAAQBAJ&q=%22%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%22+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%CC%81%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%CC%81%D0%B2 Ancient Russian Hydrography" (Древняя российская идрография)]. Saint Petersburg, 1773. page 167. {{ISBN|9785458063685}}</ref>

=== Astrakhan Khanate (1466) ===

After 1466, [[Mahmud bin Küchük]]'s descendants continued to rule in [[Astrakhan]] as the khans of the [[Astrakhan Khanate]].{{sfn|Frank|2009|p=253}}

=== Russian conquests ===

The [[Tsardom of Russia]] conquered the [[Khanate of Kazan]] in 1552, the [[Khanate of Astrakhan]] in 1556, and the [[Khanate of Sibir]] in 1582. The [[Crimean Tatars]] wreaked havoc in southern Russia, Ukraine and even Poland in the course of the 16th and early 17th centuries (see [[Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe]]), but they were not able to defeat Russia or take Moscow. Under Ottoman protection, the [[Khanate of Crimea]] continued its precarious existence until [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine the Great]] annexed it on April 8, 1783. It was by far one of the longest-lived of the [[successor state]]s to the Golden Horde.{{cn|date=January 2023}}