Editing German Shepherd (section)

=== Musculoskeletal ===

[[Musculoskeletal disorder]]s are debilitating conditions that are often associated with genetic makeup, malnutrition, and stress-related events.{{sfn|Ackerman|2008|pp=135-139}} Some breeds like the German Shepherd, are predisposed to a variety of different skeletal disorders, including but not limited to: canine hip dysplasia, [[Cauda equina syndrome]], and [[osteoarthritis]].<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | last1 = Fels | first1 = L. | last2 = Distl | first2 = O. | year = 2014 | title = Identification and validation of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for canine hip dysplasia (CHD) in German shepherd dogs | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0096618 | journal = PLOS ONE| volume = 9 | issue = 5| pages = 1–8 | pmid = 24802516 | pmc = 4011879 | bibcode = 2014PLoSO...996618F | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal | last1 = Ondreka | first1 = N. | last2 = Amort | first2 = K.H. | last3 = Stock | first3 = K.F. | last4 = Tellhelm | first4 = B. | last5 = Klumpp | first5 = S.W. | last6 = Kramer | first6 = M. | last7 = Schmidt | first7 = M.J. | year = 2013 | title = Skeletal morpohology and morphometry of the lumbosacral junction in German shepherd dogs and an evaluation of the possible genetic basis for radiographic findings | journal = The Veterinary Journal | volume = 196 | issue = 1| pages = 64–70 | doi = 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.07.015 | pmid = 22921082 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

[[Canine hip dysplasia]] (CHD) is the abnormal formation of the hip joint and surrounding tissue causing instability and partial dislocation of the hip joint, resulting in pain, [[inflammation]], lameness, and potentially osteoarthritis of the joint.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hand | first1 = M. | last2 = Thatcher | first2 = C. | last3 = Remillard | first3 = R. | last4 = Roudebush | first4 = P. | year = 2000 | title = Small animal clinical nutrition | journal = Mark Morris Institute | volume = 4 | pages = 542–543 }}</ref> A North American study analysing more than 1,000,000 hip and 250,000 elbow scans in dogs over the age of two found the German Shepherd Dog to have a rate of hip and elbow dysplasia to be 18.9% and 17.8% respectively. The German Shepherd had the 8th highest rate of hip dysplasia and 6th highest rate of elbow dysplasia.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Oberbauer | first1=A. M. | last2=Keller | first2=G. G. | last3=Famula | first3=T. R. | title=Long-term genetic selection reduced prevalence of hip and elbow dysplasia in 60 dog breeds | journal=PLOS ONE | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) | volume=12 | issue=2 | date=2017-02-24 | issn=1932-6203 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0172918 | doi-access=free | page=e0172918| pmid=28234985 | pmc=5325577 | bibcode=2017PLoSO..1272918O }}</ref> Another North American study found 10.26% of German Shepherd Dogs surveyed at teaching hospitals to have hip dysplasia, compared to 3.52% overall.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Witsberger | first1=Tige H. | last2=Villamil | first2=J. Armando | last3=Schultz | first3=Loren G. | last4=Hahn | first4=Allen W. | last5=Cook | first5=James L. | title=Prevalence of and risk factors for hip dysplasia and cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs | journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association | volume=232 | issue=12 | date=2008-06-15 | issn=0003-1488 | doi=10.2460/javma.232.12.1818 | pages=1818–1824| pmid=18598150 }}</ref>