Editing Foreign relations of Iran (section)

===Europe===
{{See also|Iran–European Union relations}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Formal relations began
!Notes
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|{{Flag|Albania}}||Diplomatic relations severed in September 2022<!--Date started-->||See [[Albania–Iran relations]]

* As for the result of Albania's alignment with the United States after the 1990s, the relations between the two countries remain poor. Albania's decision to welcome [[People's Mujahedin of Iran]] taking refuge in the country led to further deterioration of Albanian–Iranian relations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/nov/09/mek-iran-revolution-regime-trump-rajavi|title=Terrorists, cultists – or champions of Iranian democracy? The wild wild story of the MEK|date=November 9, 2018|website=the Guardian}}</ref>
* On 7 September 2022, Albania severed diplomatic ties with Iran over cyberattacks.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.voanews.com/a/6734763.html | title=Albania Cuts Diplomatic Ties with Iran over Cyberattack | date=7 September 2022}}</ref>
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|{{Flag|Austria}}||4 September 1872||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 September 1872 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Austria to Persia Graf Victor Dubsky.<ref name="Geschichte 115">{{Cite book |author1=Heinrich Friedjung |title=Geschichte in Gesprächen: 1904-1919 |author2=Franz Adlgasser |author3=Margret Friedrich |publisher=Böhlau |year=1997 |pages=115 |language=de}}</ref>
* Austria has an embassy in [[Tehran]].
* Iran has an embassy in [[Vienna]].
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|{{Flag|Belarus}}||18 March 1993||See [[Belarus–Iran relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 March 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Political cooperation |url=https://iran.mfa.gov.by/en/bilateral_relations/ |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in the Islamic Republic of Iran}}</ref>

Belarus has an embassy in Tehran; Iran has an embassy in [[Minsk]]. The two countries have enjoyed good relations in recent years, reflected in regular high-level meetings and various agreements. In 2008, Belarusian Foreign Minister [[Sergei Martynov (politician)|Sergei Martynov]] described Iran as an important partner of his country in the region and the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/Index_view.asp?code=184639|title=Tehran Times|date=12 December 2008 |access-date=20 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614070344/http://www.tehrantimes.com/Index_view.asp?code=184639|archive-date=14 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Both Iran and Belarus are allies of Russia. 
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|{{Flag|Belgium}}||||
* Belgium has an embassy in Tehran.
* Iran has an embassy in [[Brussels]].
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|{{Flag|Bulgaria}}||15 November 1897||See [[Bulgaria–Iran relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 November 1897.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005) |url=http://filip-nikolov.com/files/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%2520%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%2520%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D1%2588%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826071151/http://filip-nikolov.com/files/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.doc |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=14 October 2023 |language=bg}}</ref>

Bulgaria has had an embassy in Tehran since 1939.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mfa.bg/tehran/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419183114/http://www.mfa.bg/tehran/|url-status=dead|title=Bulgarian embassy in Tehran|archive-date=19 April 2010}}</ref>
Iran has an embassy in [[Sofia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.ir/cms/cms/sofia/en/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513023746/http://www.mfa.gov.ir/cms/cms/sofia/en/index.html|url-status=dead|title=Iranian embassy in Sofia|archive-date=13 May 2009}}</ref>
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|{{Flag|Croatia}}||18 April 1992||See [[Croatia–Iran relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 April 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations |url=https://mvep.gov.hr/foreign-policy/bilateral-relations/date-of-recognition-and-establishment-od-diplomatic-relations/22800 |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=Republic of Croatia Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs}}</ref>

Croatia has an embassy in Tehran; Iran maintains an embassy and a cultural centre in [[Zagreb]]. Iran was the seventh country to recognize the newly independent Croatia.

The Croatian national oil company [[INA (company)|INA]] is active in the [[Ardabil Province]].<ref>[http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=172426 Croatia set for all-out cooperation with Iran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614053740/http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=172426 |date=14 June 2011}}, [[Tehran Times]]</ref> Iranian vice-president [[Hassan Habibi]] visited Croatia in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hic.hr/ZZ-spomenar15.htm|title=Timeline|publisher=HIC|access-date=17 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203095005/http://hic.hr/ZZ-spomenar15.htm|archive-date=3 December 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Croatian president [[Stipe Mesić]] had a three-day state visit to Iran in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.people.com.cn/200106/19/eng20010619_73018.html|title=Iran, Croatia Pledge to Expand Cooperation|work=People's Daily|date=19 June 2001|access-date=17 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606061821/http://english.people.com.cn/200106/19/eng20010619_73018.html|archive-date=6 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008 Iranian president [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] hailed the two countries' relations and said that their shared cultures and histories, owing to the possible Iranian origin of the Croats, would strengthen those relations.<ref>[http://www.spokesman.gov.ir/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=818&Itemid=58 Ahmadinejad calls for expansion of Iran-Croatia ties] {{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111125042946/http://www.mvpei.hr/CustomPages/Static/HRV//templates/_frt_bilateralni_odnosi_po_drzavama_en.asp?id=94 Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Iran]
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|{{Flag|Cyprus}}||2 February 1989||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 February 1989.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newsom, David D. |title=The Diplomatic Record 1989-1990 |publisher=Routledge |year=2019}}</ref>
* Cyprus has an embassy in Tehran.
* Iran has an embassy in [[Nicosia]].
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|{{Flag|Czech Republic}}||22 June 1925||See [[Czech Republic–Iran relations]].
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 June 1925.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nováková, Klára |date=2014 |title=Československo-íránské vztahy. Politické a kulturní vztahy v letech 1953-1979 |url=https://dodo.is.cuni.cz/bitstream/handle/20.500.11956/62914/DPTX_2011_2_11210_0_342620_0_122488.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=14 October 2023 |page=17 |language=cs |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927212927/https://dodo.is.cuni.cz/bitstream/handle/20.500.11956/62914/DPTX_2011_2_11210_0_342620_0_122488.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Czech firms mainly export machinery products, electrical goods, and other products to Iran while the bulk of imports from Iran consists of fruit and vegetables (2014).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tehrantimes.com/economy-and-business/118197-large-czech-trade-delegation-to-visit-iran |title=Large Czech trade delegation to visit Iran - Tehran Times |access-date=2014-09-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907130104/http://tehrantimes.com/economy-and-business/118197-large-czech-trade-delegation-to-visit-iran |archive-date=7 September 2014}}</ref> 
* the Czech Republic has an embassy in Tehran.
* Iran has an embassy in [[Prague]].
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|{{Flag|Denmark}}||3 February 1922||See [[Denmark–Iran relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1922 when has been accredited first Persian Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Denmark with residence in Stockholm Mirza Abdol Ghaffar Khan Emad-ol-Molk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kongelig dansk Hof- og Statskalender 1923 |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/918018.pdf |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=slaegtsbibliotek.dk |page=28 |language=da}}</ref>

The first Iranian envoy to Denmark arrived in 1691 in order to negotiate the release of the Iranian-owned cargo of a [[Bengal]]i ship seized by the [[Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy|Danish fleet]]. The Iranian diplomat had been issued with diplomatic [[credential]]s by [[Suleiman I of Persia]] (Shah 1666–1694) and opened negotiations with King [[Christian V of Denmark]]. He was unable to secure the release of the cargo.

In 1933, a Danish consulate was established in Tehran, and later upgraded to an embassy. Following a state visit in 1958, Iran established an embassy in [[Copenhagen]]. The [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|Muhammad cartoons controversy]] of 2006 saw the Danish embassy to Iran attacked by protesters and the Iranian Ambassador to Denmark called to Tehran, straining political and economic interaction between the two countries.<ref name="cartoon">[[Wikinews:Danish and Austrian embassies in Tehran attacked]]</ref>
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071005051818/http://www.iranica.com/articles/v7/v7f3/v7f338.html Encyclopedia Iranica on Iran-Denmark historical relations]}}
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|{{Flag|Finland}}||12 December 1931||See [[Finland–Iran relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 December 1931.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of representation in Iran |url=https://finlandabroad.fi/web/irn/history-of-representation-in-iran |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=Finland abroad}}</ref>

* Finland has an embassy in Tehran.
* Iran has an embassy in [[Helsinki]]. In 2010 an Iranian diplomat stationed in Finland applied for [[political asylum]] in that country.<ref>[[Verdens Gang]], 15 September 2010, p. 12 by journalist Einar Hagvaag. Norwegian text: "En diplomat ved den iranske ambassaden i Helsinfors hoppet lørdag av og har søkt politisk asyl i Finland."</ref>
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|{{Flag|France}}||13 August 1715||See [[France–Iran relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 August 1715.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L'audience donnée par Louis XIV à l'ambassadeur de Perse à Versailles |url=http://classes.bnf.fr/essentiels/grand/ess_007.htm |access-date=2 November 2023 |language=fr}}</ref>

Iran has generally enjoyed a friendly relationship with France since the [[Middle Ages]]. The travels of [[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier]] are particularly well known to [[Safavid]] Persia. Relations soured over Iran's refusal to halt uranium enrichment and France supporting the referral of Iran to the [[United Nations Security Council]]. Relations between France and Iran remained friendly under [[Jacques Chirac]]'s presidency. 
* France has an embassy in Tehran.
* Iran has an embassy in [[Paris]].
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|{{Flag|Germany}}||11 June 1873||See [[Germany–Iran relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 June 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geschichte von Kanzlei und Residenz |url=https://teheran.diplo.de/ir-de/botschaft/-/2113146 |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=Deutsche Botschaft Teheran |language=de}}</ref>

Official diplomatic relations between Iran and post-war Germany began in 1952 when Iran opened its first mission office in [[Bonn]]. It and Persia had prior diplomatic relations from the 19th century.<ref>''German-Persian Diplomatic Relations, 1873–1912''. Bradford G. Martin. 1959.</ref> 
* Germany has an embassy in Tehran.
* Iran has an embassy in [[Berlin]].
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|{{Flag|Greece}}||19 November 1902||See [[Greece–Iran relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 November 1902 when the  first Persian Ambassador to Greece was appointed<ref>{{Cite book |title=American Monthly Review of Reviews, Volume 26 |publisher=Review of Reviews |year=1902 |pages=669}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4900108/908707 |title=Persia and Greece |newspaper=Advertiser |date=22 November 1902 |publisher=The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889 - 1931) View title info Sat 22 Nov 1902 |pages=7 |access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref>

* Greece has an embassy in Tehran.
* Iran has an embassy in [[Athens]].
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|{{Flag|Holy See}}||2 May 1953
|See [[Holy See–Iran relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 May 1953.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations Of The Holy See |url=https://holyseemission.org/contents/mission/diplomatic-relations-of-the-holy-see.php |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations}}</ref>

The Holy See and Iran have had formal diplomatic relations since 1953, under the pontificate of [[Pius XII]], which have been maintained even during the most difficult periods of the Islamic revolution.<ref name="time">{{cite news|title=Iran's Secret Weapon: The Pope|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1687445,00.html|work=Time magazine|date=26 November 2007|access-date=14 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703084126/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1687445,00.html|archive-date=3 July 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
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|{{Flag|Hungary}}||||See [[Hungary–Iran relations]]
* Hungary has an embassy in Tehran.
* Iran has an embassy in [[Budapest]].
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|{{Flag|Ireland}}||17 February 1976||
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 February 1976.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Ireland Today 879-941 |publisher=Information Section, Department of Foreign Affairs |year=1976 |pages=24}}</ref>

Iran has an embassy in [[Dublin]]; Ireland closed its embassy in Tehran along with several others due to the severity of the Irish government's financial difficulties on 23 February 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.embassyofireland.ir/ |title=Irish embassy in Tehran |publisher=Embassyofireland.ir |date=15 June 2011 |access-date=17 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301012809/http://www.embassyofireland.ir/ |archive-date=1 March 2016}}</ref>
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|{{Flag|Italy}}||18 February 1886||See [[Iran–Italy relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 February 1886 when has been appointed first Chargé d'Affaires of Italy to Persia Alessandro De Rege Di Donato.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Annuario diplomatico del Regno d'Italia ... |publisher=Italia : Ministero degli affari esteri |year=1931 |pages=53 |language=it}}</ref>

Iran-Italy trade stood at US$2.7&nbsp;billion in 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/01/feb/1137.html|title=Iran-Italy trade hits dlrs 2.7 bn in 1st 11 months|work=Payvand|date=22 November 2006|access-date=17 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926212213/http://www.payvand.com/news/01/feb/1137.html|archive-date=26 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> and €3.852&nbsp;billion in 2003.<ref>[http://www.iran-daily.com/1383/2116/html/national.htm#16458] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004162921/http://www.iran-daily.com/1383/2116/html/national.htm#16458|date=4 October 2008}}</ref> In 2005, Italy was Iran's third-largest trading partner, contributing 7.5% of all exports to Iran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/06/may/1046.html|title=The Cost of Economic Sanctions on Major Exporters to Iran|work=Payvand|access-date=17 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709163548/http://www.payvand.com/news/06/may/1046.html|archive-date=9 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Italy was Iran's top [[European Union]] trading partner in early 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/07/jan/1338.html|title=Italy remains top trading partner of Iran in EU|work=Payvand|access-date=17 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125033241/http://www.payvand.com/news/07/jan/1338.html|archive-date=25 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Commercial exchanges hit €6&nbsp;billion in 2008.<ref>[http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3390/html/economy.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607055910/http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3390/html/economy.htm|date=7 June 2009}}</ref> Still, Iran considers Italy one of its "important trade partners" indicated by Italy's "presence in [the] Tehran International Book Fair" and the desire of Italian companies to economically cooperate with Iran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.mfa.ir/index.aspx?siteid=3&fkeyid=&siteid=3&fkeyid=&siteid=3&pageid=1997&newsview=453507|title=Iranian Deputy Meet Italian Counterpart|publisher=[[Iran Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]|access-date=6 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511134504/http://en.mfa.ir/index.aspx?siteid=3&fkeyid=&siteid=3&fkeyid=&siteid=3&pageid=1997&newsview=453507|archive-date=11 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
* Iran has an embassy in [[Rome]].
* Italy has an embassy in Tehran.
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|{{Flag|Netherlands}}||5 January 1883||See [[Iran-Netherlands relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 January 1883 when Mirza Jawad Khan, Persian Minister in Belgium, was also accredited to the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dutch-Persian Relations |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dutch-persian-relations |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=Encyclopedia Iranica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Bescheiden betreffende de buitenlandse politiek van Nederland, 1848-1919 tweede periode 1871-1898 · Issue 122 |publisher=M. Nijhoff |year=1967 |pages=425 |language=nl}}</ref>

* Iran has an embassy in [[The Hague]].
* the Netherlands has an embassy in Tehran.
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|{{Flag|Norway}}||14 October 1908
|
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1908.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 1999 |title=Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/departementene/ud/vedlegg/protokoll/diplomatiske_forbindelser.pdf |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=regjeringen.no |language=no}}</ref>

An Iranian diplomat stationed in Norway was granted [[political asylum]] by that country in February 2010.<ref>[[Verdens Gang]], 15 September p. 12 (Norwegian text: "I januar hoppet Mohammed Reza Heydari ved Irans ambassade i Norge av. Han fikk innvilget politisk asyl i Norge i februar."</ref> In September 2010, an Iranian diplomat stationed in [[Belgium]] also applied for political asylum in Norway.<ref>[[Verdens Gang]], 15 September 2010 p. 12 (Norwegian text: "[[Farzad Farhangian]] var inntil i forrige uke pressemedarbeider ved Irans ambassade i Brussel. Mandag kom han til Norge for å søke politisk asyl ..."</ref>

Following the [[2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran]], Norway announced that it has closed its embassy in Tehran due to security concerns, after Britain's mission was stormed. Hilde Steinfeld, a Foreign Ministry spokeswoman in Oslo, said the decision to close the embassy was taken late Tuesday, but that Norway's diplomatic staff have not been evacuated from the country. "They're still in Tehran," she said.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-501714_162-57333540/norway-closes-embassy-in-iran-after-brits-attacked/ |title=Timeline: Norway closes embassy in Iran after Brits attacked|date=30 November 2011|work=CBS|access-date=30 November 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} </ref>
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|{{Flag|Poland}}||19 March 1927||See [[Iran–Poland relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 March 1927.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poland in Iran |url=https://www.gov.pl/web/iran-en/bilateral-relations |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=gov.pl}}</ref>

* Iran has an embassy in [[Warsaw]].
* Poland has an embassy in Tehran.
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|{{Flag|Portugal}}||15 October 1956||See [[Iran–Portugal relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1956 when Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Portugal with residence in Ankara, Luís Norton de Mato, presented his credentials as non resident to Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Irão |url=https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/relacoesbilaterais/paises-geral/irao |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=Portal Diplomatico |language=pt}}</ref>

* Iran has an embassy in [[Lisbon]].
* Portugal has an embassy in Tehran.
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|{{Flag|Romania}}||24 July 1902||See [[Iran–Romania relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 July 1902.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations of Romania |url=https://www.mae.ro/en/node/2187 |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs Romania}}</ref>

Iran has an embassy in [[Bucharest]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iranembassy.ro/ |title=Iranian embassy in Bucharest |publisher=Iranembassy.ro |access-date=17 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007091517/http://www.iranembassy.ro/ |archive-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Romania has an embassy in Tehran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ambrotehran.com/|title=Romanian embassy in Teheran|publisher=Ambrotehran|access-date=17 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007212835/http://www.ambrotehran.com/|archive-date=7 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> They exchanged ambassadors for the first time in 1922.
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|{{Flag|Russia}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Iran–Russia relations]]

Relations between Russia and [[Persia]] (pre-1935 Iran) have a long history, as they officially commenced in 1521 with the [[Safavid]]s in power. Past and present contact between Russia and Iran has always been complicated and multi-faceted, often wavering between collaboration and rivalry. The two nations have a long history of geographic, economic, and socio-political interaction. Their mutual relations have often been turbulent, and dormant at other times. Since 2019, their relationship has drastically improved and Russia and Iran are now strategic allies and form an axis in the [[Caucasus]] alongside Armenia. Iran has its embassy in [[Moscow]] and consulate generals in the cities of [[Kazan]] and [[Astrakhan]]. Russia has its embassy in [[Tehran]], and consulate generals in the cities of [[Rasht]] and [[Isfahan]]. Both also support the Assad government in Syria.
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|{{Flag|Serbia}}||30 April 1937||See [[Iran–Serbia relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1937.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilateral Relations |url=https://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/foreign-policy/bilateral-cooperation/iran |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=Republic of Serbia Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref>

Iran has an embassy in [[Belgrade]]; Serbia has an embassy in Tehran. [[Serbia]] shares the same [[Eastern Orthodox]] heritage with Russia. Historians have stated that it is remotely possible that [[Serbs]] historically originated from the [[Alans|early Persian tribes in the Caucasus]].<ref>Miodrag Milanović, Srpski stari vek, Beograd, 2008, page 81 {{dead link|date=July 2022}}.</ref> Iran has supported Serbia's territorial integrity by not recognizing [[Kosovo]] as a state.
* [http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Policy/Bilaterala/Iran/basic_e.html Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Iran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519154953/http://mfa.gov.rs/Policy/Bilaterala/Iran/basic_e.html |date=19 May 2011}} 
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|{{Flag|Slovenia}}||||

* Iran has an embassy in [[Ljubljana]].
* Slovenia has an embassy in Tehran.
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|{{Flag|Spain}}||4 March 1842||See [[Iran–Spain relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 March 1842.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 1872 |title=Gaceta de Madrid |url=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1872/200/A00169-00169.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429032100/https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1872/200/A00169-00169.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2018 |access-date=28 October 2023 |language=es}}</ref>

* Iran has an embassy in [[Madrid]].
* Spain has an embassy in Tehran.
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|{{Flag|Sweden}}||5 September 1897||See [[Iran–Sweden relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 September 1897 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Persia to Sweden with residence in St. Peterbourg Mirza Reza Khan Ar Faed-Doouleh.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/almanachdegotha07unkngoog/page/1270/mode/1up |title=Almanach de Gotha |publisher=Gotha, Germany : Justus Perthes |year=1898 |pages=1270 |language=fr |access-date=28 October 2023}}</ref>

* Iran has an embassy in [[Stockholm]].
* Sweden has an embassy in Tehran.
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|{{Flag|Switzerland}}||4 March 1919||See [[Iran–Switzerland relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 March 1919 when has been accredited first Persian Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Switzerland Zoka-ed-Dovleh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agents diplomatiques en Suisse |url=https://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?ID=40001375 |access-date=13 October 2023 |page=60 |language=fr}}</ref>

Switzerland has had a consulate in Tehran since 1919, raised to the status of embassy in 1936. This embassy represents the interests of the United States in the Iranian capital.

There are agreements between the two countries on air traffic (1954, 1972, and 2004), road and rail transport (1977), export risk guarantees (1966), protection of investments (1998), and double taxation (2002). Iran is one of Switzerland's most important trading partners in the Middle East. A trade agreement was signed in 2005 but has not yet been ratified.
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|{{Flag|Ukraine}}||22 January 1992||
See [[Iran–Ukraine relations]]

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 January 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 1992 |title=Протокол про встановлення дипломатичних відносин між Україною та Ісламською Республікою Іран |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/364_013#Text |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=zakon.rada.gov.ua |language=uk}}</ref>

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|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}|| 4 January 1801 ||See [[Iran–United Kingdom relations]]
Iran established [[Foreign relations of the United Kingdom|diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom]] on 4 January 1801.<ref name="britain">{{Cite journal |last=Kazemzadeh |date=1985 |title=ANGLO-IRANIAN RELATIONS ii. Qajar period |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/anglo-iranian-relations-ii |journal=[[Encyclopedia Iranica]]}}</ref>{{failed verification|reason=The source does not state when Iran and the United Kingdom established diplomatic relations.|date=March 2025}}
*Iran maintains an [[Embassy of Iran, London|embassy]] in [[London]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Diplomat Magazine|date=11 February 2021|title=Iran|website=Diplomat Magazine|url=https://diplomatmagazine.com/heads-of-mission/middle-east-asia/iran/|access-date=16 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311224337/https://diplomatmagazine.com/heads-of-mission/middle-east-asia/iran/|archive-date=11 March 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>
*The United Kingdom is accredited to Iran through its [[Embassy of the United Kingdom, Tehran|embassy]] in Tehran.<ref>{{cite web|title=British Embassy Tehran|website=[[gov.uk|GOV.UK]]|url=https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-embassy-tehran|access-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801015938/https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-embassy-tehran|archive-date=1 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

The UK governed southern [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran|Iran]] from 1941 until 1946.

Both countries are parties of the [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action]]. Bilaterally the two countries have an Air Transport Agreement.<ref>{{cite web|author=[[HM Revenue and Customs]]|date=19 December 2013|title=Iran: tax treaties|website=GOV.UK|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/iran-tax-treaties|access-date=16 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221093414/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/iran-tax-treaties|archive-date=21 February 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ''[[International Herald Tribune|Herald Tribune]]'' reported on 22 January 2006 a rise in British exports to Iran, from £296&nbsp;million in 2000 to £443.8&nbsp;million in 2004. A spokesperson for ''UK Trade and Investment'' was quoted to say "Iran has become more attractive because it now pursues a more liberal economic policy."<ref name="ihtiranliberal">[http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/01/22/news/allies.php Hint of Iran sanctions tugs at trade ties] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906160634/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/01/22/news/allies.php |date=6 September 2008}}, Judy Dempsey, 22 January 2006, [[International Herald Tribune]]</ref>

In 2011, the UK together with the United States and Canada, issued sanctions on Iran following controversy over the country's [[Nuclear program of Iran|nuclear program]]. As a result, Iranian government's [[Guardian Council]] approved a parliamentary bill expelling the British ambassador. On 29 November 2011, two compounds of the British embassy in Tehran were stormed by Iranian protesters. They smashed windows, ransacked offices, set fire to government documents, and burned a British flag.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-britain-embassy-idUSTRE7AS0X720111129 Iranian protesters storm British diplomatic compounds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160732/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/29/us-iran-britain-embassy-idUSTRE7AS0X720111129 |date=24 September 2015}}, [[Reuters]], 29 November 2011</ref>
As part of the UK's response to this incident the [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs]], [[William Hague]], announced on 30 November 2011 that the United Kingdom had shut the embassy in Tehran and recalled all diplomatic staff. The Iranian chargé d'affaires in London was simultaneously instructed to immediately close the Iranian embassy in London and given a 48-hour ultimatum for all staff to leave the UK.

On Tuesday 17 June 2014 the [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs]], [[William Hague]], announced that the UK embassy would re-open "as soon as practical arrangements are made". On the same day David Cameron, the UK Prime Minister said he is committed to "rebuilding" diplomatic relations with Iran but will proceed with a "clear eye and hard head".<ref>{{cite news|title=Cameron committed to 'rebuilding' relations with Iran|agency=BBC News|work=BBC News|date=17 June 2014}}</ref> The embassy reopened on 23 August 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=British embassy in Tehran reopens four years after closure|access-date=10 September 2015|agency=BBC News|work=BBC News|date=23 August 2015|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-34031615|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905061050/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-34031615|archive-date=5 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

On Friday 19 July 2019 a British-flagged oil tanker, the Stena Impero, was surrounded and seized by the Iranian Armed Forces at the [[Strait of Hormuz]]. The nearly 30,000 tonne tanker and its 23 crew members were surrounded by 4 vessels and 1 helicopter. Many think this was in retaliation of the UK boarding an Iranian Supertanker, the Grace 1, at Gibraltar earlier in July due to suspicions of smuggling oil to Syria. As of today, the tanker has been moved to the port of Bander Abbas and the ship's owners have not been able to contact the tanker. The British Foreign Minister [[Jeremy Hunt]] has said that Iran will suffer serious consequences if the tanker is not released. The British diplomatic effort is being supported by American President [[Donald Trump]] and both French and German foreign ministries. UK ships are urged to stay away from the strait and the result of this is an increase in oil prices around the world.
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