Editing Foreign relations of France (section)

===Africa===
{{Main|France–Africa relations}}
France plays a significant role in Africa, especially in its former [[French colonial empires|colonies]], through extensive aid programs, commercial activities, military agreements, and cultural impact. In those former colonies where the French presence remains important, France contributes to political, military, and social stability.  Many think that French policy in Africa – particularly where British interests are also involved – is susceptible to what is known as '[[Fashoda syndrome]]'. Others have criticized the relationship as [[neocolonialism]] under the name ''[[Françafrique]]'', stressing France's support of various dictatorships, among others: [[Omar Bongo]], [[Idriss Déby]], and [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Formal relations began
!Notes
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Algeria }}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Algeria–France relations]]

Relations between post-colonial Algeria and France have remained close throughout the years, although sometimes difficult. In 1962, the [[Évian Accords]] peace treaty laid the foundations of a new Franco-Algerian relationship. In exchange for a generous ''coopération'' regime (massive financial, technical and cultural aid), France secured a number of economic and military privileges. Economically, France enjoyed a preferential treatment vis-à-vis the Saharan wealth of hydrocarbons. Militarily, it could keep the Mers-el-Kébir base for 15 years and use the Saharan nuclear test-sites for another five years. France had used these sites to carry out its first nuclear tests (''[[Gerboise bleue]]'') in 1960. 90% or more of the Europeans established in Algeria (''[[pieds-noirs]]'') left the country in a massive exodus creating a difficult void in the bureaucratic, economic and educational structure of Algeria. On the other hand, the issue of the ''[[harki]]s'', the Arabs who had fought on the French side during the war, was still to be resolved at the turn of the 21st century, being somehow ignored by the French while seen as outright traitors by the Algerian people. On the economical level, Algeria remained for some time the fourth largest importer of French goods, conducting all its transactions with France in the Franc zone. Many Algerians were encouraged by French authorities and businessmen to migrate to France in order to provide workforce during the ''[[Trente Glorieuses]]'' (Thirty Glorious) growth. Relations between France and Algeria have remained closely intertwined, and France could not entirely escape from the chaos which threatened Algeria during the [[Algerian Civil War|civil war in the nineties]].

[[Ahmed Ben Bella]], the first President of Algeria was reported in a 2001 interview as saying that "The Algerian people have lived with blood. We brought [[Charles de Gaulle|de Gaulle]] to his knees. We struggled against [[French rule in Algeria|French rule]] for 15 years under the leadership of [[Emir Abdel-Kader Al-Jazairi]]. The Algerian population was then four million. French repression cost us two million lives. It was genocide. We survived as a people. Barbaric French atrocities did not subdue our fighting spirit."<ref>{{cite news
 |title        = Ahmed Ben Bella: Plus ça change
 |url          = http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2001/533/profile.htm
 |work         = [[Al-Ahram Weekly]]
 |date         = 16 May 2001
 |url-status   = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070715011923/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2001/533/profile.htm
 |archive-date = 15 July 2007
 |df           = dmy-all
}}</ref>

On 23 February 2005, the [[French law on colonialism]] was an act passed by the [[Union for a Popular Movement]] (UMP) conservative majority, which imposed on high-school (lycée) teachers to teach the "positive values" of [[colonialism]] to their students (article 4). The law created a public uproar and opposition from the whole of the left-wing, and was finally repealed by president [[Jacques Chirac]] (UMP) at the beginning of 2006, after accusations of [[historical revisionism (negationism)|historical revisionism]] from various teachers and historians.

Algerians feared that the French law on colonialism would hinder the task the French confronting the dark side of their colonial rule in Algeria because article 4 of the law decreed among other things that "School programmes are to recognise in particular the positive role of the French presence overseas, especially in North Africa, ..."<ref name=HS-050516>{{cite news
|title=Colonial abuses haunt France
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4552473.stm
|work=BBC News
|author=Hugh Schofiel
|date=16 May 2005 | access-date=4 January 2010}}</ref> [[Benjamin Stora]] a leading specialist on French Algerian history and an opponent of the French law on colonialism, said "France has never taken on its colonial history. It is a big difference with the Anglo-Saxon countries, where post-colonial studies are now in all the universities. We are phenomenally behind the times."<ref name=HS-050516/> In his opinion, although the historical facts were known to academics, they were not well known by the French public and this led to a lack of honesty in France over French colonial treatment of the Algerian people.<ref name=HS-050516/>

During the period that the French law on colonialism was in force, several Algerians and others raised issues and made comments to emphasise that there were many aspects of French colonial rule that were not widely known in France.<ref name=HS-050516/> A senior Algerian official Mohamed El Korso said that "[French] repentance is seen by the Algerian people as a ''[[sine qua non]]'' before any Franco-Algerian friendship treaty can be concluded." and with reference to the [[Setif massacre]] that "French and international public opinion must know that France committed a real act of genocide in May 1945"<ref name=HS-050516/> The Algerian president [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]] said Algeria had "never ceased waiting for an admission from France of all the acts committed during the colonial period and the war of liberation." and drew comparisons between the burning of the bodies of the victims of the Setif massacre with the crematoria in the Nazi death camps.<ref name=HS-050516/> More recently on 17 April 2006, Bouteflika emphasised Algeria's point of view when said in a speech in Paris that "Colonization brought the genocide of our identity, of our history, of our language, of our traditions".<ref name="The Scotsman1">
{{cite news|title=Algerian leader calls colonisation 'genocide' |url=http://news.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=583792006 |work=[[The Scotsman]] |date=18 April 2006}}</ref>

French authorities responded to the claims by President Bouteflika and others by playing down the comments, urging "mutual respect" French Foreign Minister [[Michel Barnier]] told Algeria in an official visit to make a common effort to search history "in order to establish a common future and overcome the sad pages". In an interview with El Vatan, an Algerian newspaper, Barnier said that "Historians from two sides must be encouraged to work together. They must work on the common past".<ref>{{cite news
 |title        = Paris' game turns against due to Algeria
 |url          = http://www.diplomaticobserver.com/news_read.asp?id=1206
 |work         = Diplomatic Observer
 |url-status   = usurped
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044405/http://www.diplomaticobserver.com/news_read.asp?id=1206
 |archive-date = 28 September 2007
 |df           = dmy-all
}}</ref> French authorities asked president Abdelaziz Bouteflika to study with France the disarmed [[Harki#After the war|150,000 Harkis killed]] without another reason that revenge, by his party, the [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|National Liberation Front]] (FLN).

French President [[Jacques Chirac]], upon harsh reactions to the law encouraging the good sides of the French colonial history, made the statement, "Writing history is the job of the historians, not of the laws." According to Prime Minister, [[Dominique de Villepin]], "speaking about the past or writing history is not the job of the parliament."<ref name="Zaman1">
{{cite news |title=France in Favor of So-Called Genocide Resorts to Historians |url=http://www.zaman.com/?bl=international&alt=&trh=20051210&hn=27378 |publisher=[[Zaman Online]] |date=10 December 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713195345/http://www.zaman.com/?bl=international&alt=&trh=20051210&hn=27378 |archive-date=13 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The issue of the French human rights record in Algeria is also politically sensitive in Turkey. France recognized [[Armenian genocide]] by the Turks in 1998.<ref>
{{cite news
|title=French recognizes Armenian Genocide
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/102803.stm
|work=BBC News
|date=29 May 1998 | access-date=4 January 2010}}
</ref> In response to the action of the French parliament, making it an offense to deny the existence of such a genocide, the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] drafted a bill in October 2006 to make it illegal to deny that the French committed genocide in Algeria.<ref>
{{cite news
|title=Turkish parliamentary committee drafts law on Algerian genocide
|url=http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/387740.asp
|publisher=[[NTV-MSNBC]]
|date=11 October 2006}}
</ref> Turkish party leaders, including CHP, MHP, BBP and ANAP called on France to recognize what they called "Algerian genocide".{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} However, the draft never became an official law.

* Algeria has an embassy in Paris and several consulates-general throughout the country.
* France has an embassy in [[Algiers]] and consulates-general in [[Annaba]] and [[Oran]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Angola }}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Angola–France relations]]

Relations between the two countries have not always been cordial due to the former French government's policy of supporting militant separatists in Angola's [[Cabinda Province]] and the international [[Angolagate]] scandal embarrassed both governments by exposing corruption and illicit arms deals.<ref name="mg">{{cite web|url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2008-05-23-sarkozy-to-mend-fences-with-angola |title=Sarkozy to mend fences with Angola – News – Mail & Guardian Online |work=Mail & Guardian |date=23 May 2008 |access-date=10 June 2011}}</ref> Following French President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]'s visit in 2008, relations have improved.
* Angola has an embassy in Paris.
* France has an embassy in [[Luanda]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Benin }}||<!--Date started-->||

* Benin has an embassy in Paris.
* France has an embassy in [[Cotonou]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Burkina Faso }}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Burkina Faso–France relations]]

Present day Burkina Faso was formerly part of a French colony called [[French Upper Volta]]. France has special forces stationed in Burkina Faso.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2023-01-04 |title=Paris says Burkina Faso requested withdrawal of French ambassador |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/paris-says-burkina-faso-requested-withdrawal-french-ambassador-2023-01-03/ |access-date=2023-01-04}}</ref>

* Burkina Faso has an embassy in Paris.<ref>{{cite web |title=Embassy of Burkina Faso in France |url=http://www.ambaburkina-fr.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516150401/http://www.ambaburkina-fr.org/ |archive-date=16 May 2010 |access-date=7 August 2022 |language=fr}}</ref>
* France has an embassy in [[Ouagadougou]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Embassy of France in Burkina Faso |url=https://bf.ambafrance.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805220135/https://bf.ambafrance.org/ |archive-date=5 August 2022 |access-date=7 August 2022}}</ref>

In January 2023, Burkina Faso's military junta asked France to recall its ambassador amid a surge of anti-French sentiment as the country moved to develop closer ties to Russia<ref name=":1" />
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Burundi }}||<!--Date started-->||See [[France–Burundi relations]]

* Burundi has an embassy in Paris.
* France has an embassy in [[Bujumbura]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Cameroon }}||<!--Date started-->||

* Cameroon has an embassy in Paris.
* France has an embassy in [[Yaoundé]] and a consulate-general in [[Douala]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Cape Verde }}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Cape Verde–France relations]]

* Cape Verde has an embassy in Paris and consulate-general in Nice.
* France has an embassy in [[Praia]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Central African Republic }}||<!--Date started-->{{dts|13 August 1960}}||See [[Central African Republic–France relations]]

* Central African Republic has an embassy in Paris.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amb-rcaparis.org/site/|title=Ambassade de Centrafrique à Paris :: Accueil|access-date=19 February 2015|archive-date=16 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216071515/http://www.amb-rcaparis.org/site/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* France has an embassy in [[Bangui]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ambafrance-cf.org/|title=La France en République Centrafricaine|access-date=19 February 2015|archive-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228163547/http://www.ambafrance-cf.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Chad }}||<!--Date started-->{{dts|11 August 1960}}||See [[Chad–France relations]]

The French military has been present in Chad since 1986 in the frame of [[Operation Epervier]].
* Chad has an embassy in Paris.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ambatchad-paris.org|title=Ambassade de la République du Tchad à Paris|access-date=19 February 2015}}</ref>
* France has an embassy in [[N'djamena]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ambafrance-td.org/|title=Ambassade de France au Tchad|access-date=19 February 2015|archive-date=25 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225112920/http://www.ambafrance-td.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Congo }}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Republic of the Congo–France relations]]

* Congo has an embassy in Paris.
* France has an embassy in [[Brazzaville]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Comoros }}||<!--Date started-->||

* Comoros has an embassy in Paris.
* France has an embassy in [[Moroni, Comoros|Moroni]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}||<!--Date started-->
|
France and Germany decided on a concerted military operation in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This operation included sending 1500 European troops to the DRC to support fair and regular presidential elections in June 2006. While Germany leads the mission, both France and Germany provide 500 soldiers each, with the rest of the soldiers coming from other European countries.

Many scholars of the European Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) question whether the mission is of great use, and argue that it is rather symbolic in character. With 17,000 United Nations forces already deployed in the DRC the purpose of such a small operation remains questionable. The European troops will be stationed in the capital-city Kinshasa only. It is probable however, that the expertise of former peace-building missions on the Balkans will be useful in order to prevent any major escalation during the elections.

In 2013, France's [[François Hollande|then president]] on his visit to DRC suggested that [[Trial and conviction of Joshua French and Tjostolv Moland|prisoners Joshua French and Tjostolv Moland]] should be moved out of the situation of their six-man prison cell; five days later the two prisoners shared a cell of their own.<ref name=France-president>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/artikkel.php?artid=10072009|title=Moland og French har fått egen celle etter hjelp fra François Hollande|work=VG|access-date=19 February 2015|date=5 January 2013}}</ref>
* DR Congo has an embassy in Paris.
* France has an embassy in [[Kinshasa]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Djibouti }}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Djibouti–France relations]]

* Djibouti has an embassy in Paris
* France has an embassy in [[Djibouti City]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Egypt}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Egypt–France relations]]

* Egypt has an embassy in Paris.
* France has an embassy in [[Cairo]] and a consulate-general in [[Alexandria]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Equatorial Guinea}}||<!--Date started-->||

* Equatorial Guinea has an embassy in Paris.
* France has an embassy in [[Malabo]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Ethiopia }}||<!--Date started-->||

* Ethiopia has an embassy in Paris.
* France has an embassy in [[Addis Ababa]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Gabon }}||<!--Date started-->||See [[France–Gabon relations]]

Since independence, Gabon has been "one of France's closest allies in Africa".<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/rbssEnergyNews/idUSL0493323920080304 Gabon threatens France with tit-for-tat deportation] by Antoine Lawson, [[Reuters]], 4 March 2008</ref> As of 2008, around 10,000 French nationals lived and worked in Gabon, while the 6th Marine Infantry Battalion of the [[Structure of the French Army#Units permanently deployed overseas|French military]] is also stationed there.
* France has an embassy in [[Libreville]].
* Gabon has an embassy in Paris.
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Ghana }}||<!--Date started-->||

* France has an embassy in [[Accra]].
* Ghana has an embassy in Paris.
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Guinea }}||<!--Date started-->||

* France has an embassy in [[Conakry]].
* Guinea has an embassy in Paris.
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Ivory Coast}}||<!--Date started-->
|See [[France–Ivory Coast relations]]
In 2002 and 2003, France participated in military interventions in Côte d'Ivoire in [[Opération Licorne]] and [[United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire|UNOCI]]. Liberia and the Democratic Republic of Congo helped in the evacuation of foreign residents and the protection of civilians from warring factions.
* Côte d'Ivoire has an embassy in Paris and a consulate-general in Lyon.
* France has an embassy in [[Abidjan]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Kenya }}||<!--Date started-->||See [[France–Kenya relations]]

* France has an embassy in [[Nairobi]].
* Kenya has an embassy in Paris.
|-
|{{Flagu|Lesotho}}
|
|See [[France–Lesotho relations]]
* France has an embassy in Maseru.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=France embassies in Lesotho |url=https://embassies.org/en/france-embassy-in-lesotho |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=embassies.org |language=en}}</ref>
* Lesotho does not have an embassy in France.
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Liberia}}||1852||See [[France–Liberia relations]]

* France has an embassy in [[Monrovia]].
* Liberia has an embassy in Paris.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://embassyofliberia-paris.org/en/ |title=Embassy of Liberia in Paris |access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901234430/http://embassyofliberia-paris.org/en/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Libya}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[France–Libya relations]]

In the 1980s, Libyan-French discord centered on the situation in Chad.  As mentioned, the two countries found themselves supporting opposite sides in the [[Civil war in Chad (1965–1979)|Chadian Civil War]].  In late 1987, there were some French troops in Chad, but French policy did not permit its forces to cross the sixteenth parallel.  Thus, direct clashes with Libyan soldiers seemed unlikely.<ref name=lcweb>{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ly0130) |title=Libya: France|access-date=17 July 2008 |publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] |year=1987 }}</ref>

On 10 March 2011, France was the first country in the world to recognise the [[National Transitional Council]] as the legitimate government of Libya, in the context of the [[2011 Libyan civil war]] against [[Muammar Gaddafi]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12699183 "France recognises Libyan rebels"], BBC, 10 March 2011</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Madagascar}}||<!--Date started-->{{dts|26 June 1960}}||See [[France–Madagascar relations]]

* France has an embassy in [[Antananarivo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ambafrance-mada.org/|title=La France à Madagascar|access-date=19 February 2015|archive-date=7 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207073432/http://www.ambafrance-mada.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Madagascar has an embassy in Paris and consulates-general in [[Marseille]] and [[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint-Denis]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ambassade-madagascar.fr| title = Embassy of Madagascar in Paris (in French)}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Mali }}||<!--Date started-->||See [[France–Mali relations]]

* France has an embassy in [[Bamako]].
* Mali has an embassy in Paris.
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Mauritania }}||<!--Date started-->||See [[France–Mauritania relations]]

The relations date back to the colonial era when Mauritania was part of French West Africa.
* France has an embassy in [[Nouakchott]].
* Mauritania has an embassy in Paris.
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Mauritius }}||<!--Date started-->||See [[France–Mauritius relations]]

* France has an embassy in [[Port Louis]].
* Mauritius has an embassy in Paris.
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Morocco }}||<!--Date started-->||See [[France–Morocco relations]]

* France has an embassy in [[Rabat]] and several consulates-general throughout the country.
* Morocco has an embassy in Paris and several consulates-general throughout the country.
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Mozambique }}||<!--Date started-->||See [[France–Mozambique relations]]

* France has an embassy in [[Maputo]].
* Mozambique has an embassy in Paris.
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Namibia}}||<!--Date started-->||

* France has an embassy in [[Windhoek]].
* Namibia has an embassy in Paris.
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Niger }}||<!--Date started-->4 August 1960
(relations severed 4 August 2023
|See [[France–Niger relations]].
The relations between France and the Republic of Niger are based on a long shared history and the more than sixty year rule of Niger by [[French colonial empire]] beginning with the French conquest in 1898. Niger obtained independence from France in 1960, and a history of French influenced culture and French language have been a point of commonality in the creation of a distinctive [[Nigerien culture]] from the diverse pre-colonial nationalities which make up modern Niger. France benefited economically from their time as a colonial power, and still relies on imports from Niger for elements of their economy.
* France has an embassy in [[Niamey]].
* Niger has an embassy in Paris.
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Nigeria }}||<!--Date started-->||

* France has an embassy in [[Abuja]] and a consulate-general in [[Lagos]].
* Nigeria has an embassy in Paris.
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Rwanda}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[France–Rwanda relations]]
In the period from 1990, until the [[Rwandan genocide]], France (under [[François Mitterrand|Mitterrand]]) took a role sympathetic to the [[Juvenal Habyarimana|Habyarimana]] government.
* France has an embassy in [[Kigali]].
* Rwanda has an embassy in Paris.
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Senegal }}||<!--Date started-->{{dts|August 1960}}||See [[France–Senegal relations]]

* France has an embassy in [[Dakar]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ambafrance-sn.org/| title = Embassy of France in Dakar (in French)| access-date = 20 February 2017| archive-date = 12 March 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170312050243/http://www.ambafrance-sn.org/| url-status = dead}}</ref>
* Senegal has an embassy in Paris and consulates-general in [[Bordeaux]], [[Lyon]] and in [[Marseille]] and a consular agency in [[Le Havre]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ambasseneparis.com| title = Embassy of Senegal in Paris (in French)}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Seychelles}}||<!--Date started-->||

* France has an embassy in [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]].
* Seychelles has an embassy in Paris.
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Somalia}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[France–Somalia relations]]

Bilateral relations between France and Somalia were established shortly after Somalia's independence. The French government opened an embassy in Mogadishu, and its Somalian counterpart likewise maintained an embassy in Paris. 
Following a significantly improved security situation, the Government of France in January 2014 appointed Remi Marechaux as the new French ambassador to Somalia.<ref name="Sfsnats">{{cite news|title=France sends new ambassador to Somalia|url=http://www.somalicurrent.com/2014/01/15/france-sends-new-ambassador-to-somalia/|access-date=20 January 2014|newspaper=SomaliCurrent|date=15 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129144121/http://www.somalicurrent.com/2014/01/15/france-sends-new-ambassador-to-somalia/|archive-date=29 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Sudan }}||<!--Date started-->||France has had a long history as one of Sudan's principal commercial partners.<ref name="locf2015">{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite encyclopedia|last=Shinn|first=David H.|title=European Union, Britain, and France|editor-last=Berry|editor1-first=LaVerle|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Sudan.pdf|encyclopedia=Sudan: a country study|date=2015|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|isbn=978-0-8444-0750-0|edition=5th|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=291–292}} Though published in 2015, this work covers events in the whole of Sudan (including present-day South Sudan) until the 2011 secession of South Sudan.}}</ref> A French company was one of the prime contractors on the ill-fated Jonglei Canal.<ref name="locf2015" /> In the early 1980s, Sudan awarded a concession to the French oil company, TotalFinaElf, for development of the oil reserves in Block Five in South Sudan.<ref name="locf2015" /> Although the company stopped work there following the resumption of civil war, it retained the concession and initiated steps in 2004 to return.<ref name="locf2015" /> France also sided with the government of Sudan in 2004 when it asserted that the situation in Darfur should not be described as genocide.<ref name="locf2015" /> Chad, a former French colony and in recent years a country with which it had close relations, tended to influence France's view of the situation in Darfur.<ref name="locf2015" /> French policy on Darfur became more critical following the election in 2007 of President Nicolas Sarkozy.<ref name="locf2015" /> France hosted in June 2007 the United States, China, and some 15 other countries at a major conference intended to launch a new international effort to end the atrocities in Darfur.<ref name="locf2015" /> The government of Sudan, angry that it was not consulted, boycotted the conference.<ref name="locf2015" /> In recent years, France has shown less interest in Sudan while its policy seemed to depend on which official was speaking.<ref name="locf2015" /> French oil companies have a continuing interest in the development of oil in South Sudan.<ref name="locf2015" />
* France has an embassy in [[Khartoum]].
* Sudan has an embassy in Paris.
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|South Africa }}||<!--Date started-->||See [[France–South Africa relations]]

* France has an embassy in [[Pretoria]] and consulates-general in [[Cape Town]] and [[Johannesburg]].
* South Africa has an embassy in Paris.
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Tanzania}}||<!--Date started-->||

* France has an embassy in [[Dar es Salaam]].
* Tanzania has an embassy in Paris.
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Togo }}||<!--Date started-->||See [[France–Togo relations]]

* France has an embassy in [[Lomé]].
* Togo has an embassy in Paris.
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Tunisia }}||<!--Date started-->||See [[France–Tunisia relations]]

* France has an embassy in [[Tunis]].
* Tunisia has an embassy in Paris and several consulates-general throughout the country.
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Uganda}}||<!--Date started-->||

* France has an embassy in [[Kampala]].
* Uganda has an embassy in Paris.
|- valign="top"
|{{flagu|Zimbabwe }}||<!--Date started-->||

* France has an embassy in [[Harare]].
* Zimbabwe has an embassy in Paris.
|}