Editing Esophagus (section)

===Malformations===
[[Esophageal stricture]]s are usually benign and typically develop after a person has had [[GERD|reflux]] for many years. Other strictures may include [[esophageal web]]s (which can also be congenital) and damage to the esophagus by radiotherapy, corrosive ingestion, or eosinophilic esophagitis. A [[Schatzki ring]] is fibrosis at the gastroesophageal junction. Strictures may also develop in chronic [[anemia]], and [[Plummer-Vinson]] syndrome.<ref name=DAVIDSONS2010 />

Two of the most common [[congenital disorder|congenital]] malformations affecting the esophagus are an [[esophageal atresia]] where the esophagus ends in a blind sac instead of connecting to the stomach; and an [[tracheoesophageal fistula|esophageal fistula]] – an abnormal connection between the esophagus and the trachea.<ref name="Larsen">{{cite book|last1=Larsen|first1=William J.|title=Human embryology|date=2001|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=978-0-443-06583-5|pages=148–149|edition=3.}}</ref> Both of these conditions usually occur together.<ref name="Larsen"/> These are found in about 1 in 3500 births.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Shaw-Smith|first=C|title=esophageal atresia, tracheo-esophageal fistula, and the VACTERL association: review of genetics and epidemiology|journal=Journal of Medical Genetics|date=18 November 2005|volume=43|issue=7|pages=545–54|doi=10.1136/jmg.2005.038158|pmid=16299066|pmc=2564549}}</ref> Half of these cases may be part of a [[syndrome]] where other abnormalities are also present, particularly of the [[heart]] or [[limb (anatomy)|limb]]s. The other cases occur singly.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Geneviève|first1=D|last2=de Pontual|first2=L|last3=Amiel|first3=J|last4=Sarnacki|first4=S|last5=Lyonnet|first5=S|title=An overview of isolated and syndromic oesophageal atresia.|journal=Clinical Genetics|date=May 2007|volume=71|issue=5|pages=392–9|pmid=17489843|doi=10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00798.x|s2cid=43782279}}</ref>