Editing Elizabeth I (section)

===Muslim states===
[[File:MoorishAmbassador to Elizabeth I.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud]] was the Moorish ambassador to Elizabeth in 1600.]]

Trade and diplomatic relations developed between England and the [[Barbary states]] during the rule of Elizabeth.<ref name="vaughan">{{Cite book |last=Virginia Mason Vaughan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19_SIlq3ZvsC&pg=PA57 |title=Performing Blackness on English Stages, 1500–1800 |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-5218-4584-7 |page=57 |access-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714114006/https://books.google.com/books?id=19_SIlq3ZvsC&pg=PA57 |archive-date=14 July 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Allardyce Nicoll |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OeakAOji13EC&pg=PA90 |title=Shakespeare Survey With Index 1–10 |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-5215-2347-9 |page=90 |access-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222173632/https://books.google.com/books?id=OeakAOji13EC&pg=PA90 |archive-date=22 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> England established a trading relationship with [[Saadi Sultanate|Morocco]] in opposition to Spain, selling armour, ammunition, timber, and metal in exchange for Moroccan sugar, in spite of a [[papal]] ban.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bartels |first=Emily Carroll |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S6Z9J0OJmmQC&pg=PA24 |title=Speaking of the Moor |date=2008 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-4076-4 |page=24 |access-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714114007/https://books.google.com/books?id=S6Z9J0OJmmQC&pg=PA24 |archive-date=14 July 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1600, [[Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud]], the principal secretary to the Moroccan ruler Mulai [[Ahmad al-Mansur]], visited England as an ambassador to the English court,<ref name="vaughan"/><ref>[[University of Birmingham]] Collections [http://mimsy.bham.ac.uk/detail.php?t=objects&type=related&kv=101212 Mimsy.bham.ac.uk] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228082016/http://mimsy.bham.ac.uk/detail.php?t=objects&type=related&kv=101212 |date=28 February 2009}}</ref> to negotiate an [[Anglo-Moroccan alliance]] against Spain.<ref name="tate.org.uk">[[Tate Gallery]] exhibition "East-West: Objects between cultures", [http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/east-west-objects-between-cultures/east-west-room-1 Tate.org.uk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226012823/http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/east-west-objects-between-cultures/east-west-room-1 |date=26 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="vaughan"/> Elizabeth "agreed to sell munitions supplies to Morocco, and she and Mulai Ahmad al-Mansur talked on and off about mounting a joint operation against the Spanish".<ref name="Kupperman39">Kupperman, 39.</ref> Discussions, however, remained inconclusive, and both rulers died within two years of the embassy.<ref>Nicoll, 96.</ref>

Diplomatic relations were also established with the [[Ottoman Empire]] with the chartering of the [[Levant Company]] and the dispatch of the first English ambassador to the [[Sublime Porte]], [[William Harborne]], in 1578.<ref name=Kupperman39/> For the first time, a treaty of commerce was signed in 1580.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MziRd4ddZz4C&pg=PA353 |title=The Encyclopedia of world history by Peter N. Stearns |page=353 |access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> Numerous envoys were dispatched in both directions and epistolar exchanges occurred between Elizabeth and Sultan [[Murad III]].<ref name=Kupperman39/> In one correspondence, Murad entertained the notion that [[Protestantism and Islam]] had "much more in common than either did with Roman Catholicism, as both rejected the worship of idols", and argued for an alliance between England and the Ottoman Empire.<ref>Kupperman, 40.</ref> To the dismay of Catholic Europe, England exported tin and lead (for cannon-casting) and munitions to the Ottoman Empire, and Elizabeth seriously discussed joint military operations with Murad III during the outbreak of war with Spain in 1585, as Francis Walsingham was lobbying for a direct Ottoman military involvement against the common Spanish enemy.<ref>Kupperman, 41.</ref>