Editing Economy of Russia (section)

===Corruption===
[[File:Countries by Corruption Perceptions Index score (2019).png|thumb|right|300px|[[Corruption Perceptions Index]] by Transparency International, 2019]]
Russia was the lowest rated European country in [[Transparency International]]'s [[Corruption Perceptions Index]] for 2020; ranking 129th out of 180 countries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Corruptions Perceptions Index 2020|url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2020/index/rus|access-date=31 January 2021|website=Transparency.org|date=28 January 2021|language=en|archive-date=30 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130233226/https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2020/index/rus|url-status=live}}</ref> Corruption is perceived as a significant problem in Russia,<ref name="CPI2015">{{cite web|title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2014|date=3 December 2014|url=http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|access-date=4 December 2015|publisher=Transparency International|archive-date=29 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929023046/http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|url-status=dead}}</ref> affecting various aspects of life, including the economy,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alferova|first=Ekaterina|date=26 October 2020|title=В России предложили создать должность омбудсмена по борьбе с коррупцией|trans-title=Russia proposed to create the post of Ombudsman for the fight against corruption|url=https://iz.ru/1078501/2020-10-26/v-rossii-predlozhili-sozdat-dolzhnost-ombudsmena-po-borbe-s-korruptciei|access-date=5 November 2020|website=Известия|publisher=[[Izvestia]]|language=ru|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102141829/https://iz.ru/1078501/2020-10-26/v-rossii-predlozhili-sozdat-dolzhnost-ombudsmena-po-borbe-s-korruptciei|url-status=live}}</ref> business,<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 2020|title=Russia Corruption Report|url=https://www.ganintegrity.com/portal/country-profiles/russia/|access-date=5 November 2020|website=GAN Integrity|language=en-US|archive-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220035258/https://www.ganintegrity.com/portal/country-profiles/russia/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Government of Russia|public administration]],<ref name="Suhara">{{cite web|author=Suhara, Manabu|title=Corruption in Russia: A Historical Perspective|url=https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/03september/pdf/M_Suhara.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192618/https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/03september/pdf/M_Suhara.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=4 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Russia lost 4 billion dollars on unfavorable state procurement contracts in the last year|url=https://meduza.io/en/news/2015/12/07/russia-lost-4-billion-dollars-on-unfavorable-state-procurement-contracts-in-the-last-year|access-date=7 December 2015|website=Meduza|archive-date=4 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604042405/https://meduza.io/en/news/2015/12/07/russia-lost-4-billion-dollars-on-unfavorable-state-procurement-contracts-in-the-last-year|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Law enforcement in Russia|law enforcement]],<ref>{{cite news|date=2010|title=Cops for hire|url=https://www.economist.com/node/15731344|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=4 December 2015|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208110401/http://www.economist.com/node/15731344|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Healthcare in Russia|healthcare]],<ref>{{cite web|author1=Klara Sabirianova Peter|author2=Tetyana Zelenska|date=2010|title=Corruption in Russian Health Care: The Determinants and Incidence of Bribery|url=http://www.iza.org/conference_files/worldb2010/zelenska_t5300.pdf|access-date=4 December 2015|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208075733/http://www.iza.org/conference_files/worldb2010/zelenska_t5300.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Education in Russia|education]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Elena Denisova-Schmidt|author2=Elvira Leontyeva|author3=Yaroslav Prytula|date=2014|title=Corruption at Universities is a Common Disease for Russia and Ukraine|url=http://ethics.harvard.edu/blog/corruption-universities-common-disease-russia-and-ukraine|access-date=4 December 2015|publisher=Harvard University|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208155403/http://ethics.harvard.edu/blog/corruption-universities-common-disease-russia-and-ukraine|url-status=live}}</ref> The phenomenon of corruption is strongly established in the historical model of public governance in Russia and attributed to general weakness of [[rule of law]] in Russia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Maynes|first=Charles|date=26 January 2020|title=New Reports Highlight Russia's Deep-Seated Culture of Corruption|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/europe_new-reports-highlight-russias-deep-seated-culture-corruption/6183207.html|access-date=5 November 2020|website=Voice of America|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|language=en|archive-date=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127020812/https://www.voanews.com/europe/new-reports-highlight-russias-deep-seated-culture-corruption|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2020, the percentage of business owners who distrust law enforcement agencies rose to 70% (from 45% in 2017); 75% don't believe in impartiality of courts and 79% do not believe that legal institutions protect them from abuse of law such as racketeering or arrest on dubious grounds.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 May 2021|title=80% of Russian Business Owners Fear Arbitrary Arrest|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/05/26/80-of-russian-business-owners-fear-arbitrary-arrest-a74011|access-date=26 May 2021|website=The Moscow Times|language=en|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526194653/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/05/26/80-of-russian-business-owners-fear-arbitrary-arrest-a74011|url-status=live}}</ref>