Editing Douglas MacArthur (section)

===Philippines campaign (1941–1942)===
{{main|Philippines campaign (1941–1942)}}
[[File:26th Cavalry PI Scouts moving into Pozorrubio.jpg|thumb|right|26th Cavalry (Philippine Scouts) move into Pozorrubio past an [[M3 Stuart]] tank.|alt=A long column of men on horseback moving down a road. A tank is parked beside the road.]]

====Defense of the Philippines====
On 26 July 1941, Roosevelt federalized the Philippine Army, recalled MacArthur to active duty in the U.S. Army as a major general, and named him commander of [[U.S. Army Forces in the Far East]] (USAFFE). MacArthur was promoted to lieutenant general the following day,{{sfn|Morton|1953|p=19}} and then to general on 20 December.{{sfn|Rogers|1990|p=100}} On 31 July 1941, the Philippine Department had 22,000 troops assigned, 12,000 of whom were Philippine Scouts. The main component was the Philippine Division, under the command of Major General [[Jonathan M. Wainwright (general)|Jonathan M. Wainwright]].{{sfn|Morton|1953|p=21}} The initial American plan for the defense of the Philippines called for the main body of the troops to retreat to the Bataan peninsula in Manila Bay to hold out against the Japanese until a relief force could arrive.{{sfn|Weinberg|2004|p=311}} MacArthur changed this plan to one of attempting to hold all of [[Luzon]] and using [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress|B-17 Flying Fortresses]] to sink Japanese ships that approached the islands.{{sfn|Weinberg|2004|p=312}} MacArthur persuaded the decision-makers in Washington that his plans represented the best deterrent to prevent Japan from choosing war and of winning a war if worse came to worst.{{sfn|Weinberg|2004|p=312}}

Between July and December 1941, the garrison received 8,500 reinforcements.{{sfn|Morton|1953|p=50}} After years of parsimony, much equipment was shipped. By November, a backlog of 1,100,000 shipping tons of equipment intended for the Philippines had accumulated in U.S. ports and depots awaiting vessels.{{sfn|Morton|1953|pp=35–37}} In addition, the Navy intercept station in the islands, known as [[Station CAST]], had an ultra-secret [[Purple (cipher machine)|Purple cipher machine]], which decrypted Japanese diplomatic messages, and partial codebooks for the latest [[JN-25|JN-25 naval code]]. Station CAST sent MacArthur its entire output, via Sutherland, the only officer on his staff authorized to see it.{{sfn|Drea|1992|p=11}}

At 03:30 local time on 8 December 1941 (about 09:00 on 7 December in Hawaii),{{sfn|Pettinger|2003|p=9}} Sutherland learned of the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] and informed MacArthur. At 05:30, the Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army, General [[George Marshall]], ordered MacArthur to execute the existing war plan, [[Rainbow Five]]. This plan had been leaked to the American public by the Chicago Tribune three days prior,<ref name= Fleming1987>{{Cite journal | author = Fleming, Thomas | year = 1987 | title = The Big Leak | journal = American Heritage | volume = 38 | issue = 8 | url = https://www.americanheritage.com/big-leak}}</ref> and the following day Germany had publicly ridiculed the plan.<ref>''The New York Times'', 6 December 1941, p. 3</ref> MacArthur did not follow Marshall's order. On three occasions, the commander of the [[Far East Air Force (United States)|Far East Air Force]], Major General [[Lewis H. Brereton]], requested permission to attack Japanese bases in [[Formosa]], in accordance with prewar intentions, but was denied by Sutherland; Brereton instead ordered his aircraft to fly defensive patrol patterns, looking for Japanese warships. Not until 11:00 did Brereton speak with MacArthur, and obtained permission to begin Rainbow Five.{{sfn|Pettinger|2003|pp=9, 56}} MacArthur later denied having the conversation.{{sfn|Pettinger|2003|p=57}} At 12:30, ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, aircraft of Japan's [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service|11th Air Fleet]] achieved complete tactical surprise when they [[attack on Clark Field|attacked Clark Field]] and the nearby fighter base at [[Iba Airfield|Iba Field]], and destroyed or disabled 18 of Far East Air Force's 35 B-17s, caught on the ground refueling. Also destroyed were 53 of 107 [[Curtiss P-40 Warhawk|P-40s]], 3 [[Seversky P-35|P-35s]], and more than 25 other aircraft. Substantial damage was done to the bases, and casualties totaled 80 killed and 150 wounded.{{sfn|Morton|1953|pp=84–88}} What was left of the Far East Air Force was all but destroyed over the next few days.{{sfn|Morton|1953|p=97}}

[[File:MacArthur and Sutherland s265357.jpg|thumb|left|MacArthur (center) with his Chief of Staff, Major General Richard K. Sutherland, in the Headquarters tunnel on Corregidor, Philippines, on 1 March 1942|alt=Two men sitting at a desk.]]
MacArthur attempted to slow the Japanese advance with an initial defense against the Japanese landings. MacArthur's plan for holding all of Luzon against the Japanese collapsed, for it distributed the American-Filipino forces too thinly.{{sfn|Weinberg|2004|p=313}} However, he reconsidered his overconfidence in the ability of his Filipino troops after the Japanese landing force made a rapid advance following its landing at [[Lingayen Gulf]] on 21 December,{{sfn|Morton|1953|p=125}} and ordered a [[Battle of Bataan|retreat to Bataan]].{{sfn|Morton|1953|p=163}} Within two days of the Japanese landing at Lingayen Gulf, MacArthur had reverted to the pre-July 1941 plan of attempting to hold only Bataan while waiting for a relief force to come.{{sfn|Weinberg|2004|p=313}} However, this switching of plans came at a grueling price; most of the American and some of the Filipino troops were able to retreat back to Bataan, but without most of their supplies, which were abandoned in the confusion.{{sfn|Weinberg|2004|pp=313–314}} Manila was declared an [[open city]] at midnight on 24 December, without any consultation with Admiral [[Thomas C. Hart]], commanding the [[United States Asiatic Fleet|Asiatic Fleet]], forcing the Navy to destroy considerable amounts of valuable [[materiel]].{{sfn|Pettinger|2003|p=53}} The Asiatic Fleet's performance during December 1941 was poor. Although the surface fleet was obsolete and was safely evacuated to try to defend the Dutch East Indies, more than two dozen modern submarines were assigned to Manila&nbsp;– Hart's strongest fighting force. The submariners were confident, but they were armed with the malfunctioning [[Mark 14 torpedo]] and were unable to sink a single Japanese warship during the invasion.{{sfn|Roscoe|1967|pp=29–48}} MacArthur thought the Navy betrayed him. The submariners were ordered to abandon the Philippines by the end of December after ineffective attacks on the Japanese fleet, only returning to Corregidor to evacuate high-ranking politicians or officers for the rest of the campaign.{{sfn|Morton|1953|pp=155–156}}

On the evening of 24 December, MacArthur moved his headquarters to the island fortress of [[Corregidor]] in [[Manila Bay]] arriving at 21:30, with his headquarters reporting to Washington as being open on the 25th.{{sfn|Morton|1953|p=164}}{{sfn|Rogers|1990|pp=118–121}} A series of air raids by the Japanese destroyed all the exposed structures on the island and USAFFE headquarters was moved into the [[Malinta Tunnel]]. In the first-ever air raid on Corregidor on 29 December, Japanese airplanes bombed all the buildings on [[Corregidor#Topside|Topside]] including MacArthur's house and the barracks. MacArthur's family ran into the air raid shelter while MacArthur went outside to the garden of the house with some soldiers to observe and count the number of bombers involved in the raid when bombs destroyed the home. One bomb struck only ten feet from MacArthur and the soldiers shielded him with their bodies and helmets. Filipino sergeant Domingo Adversario was awarded the Silver Star and Purple Heart for getting his hand wounded by the bomb and covering MacArthur's head with his own helmet, which was also hit by shrapnel. MacArthur was not wounded.{{sfnm|1a1=Masuda|1y=2012|1p=52|2a1=Grehan|2a2=Nicoll|2y=2021|2p=18|3a1=Weintraub|3y=2011|3p=127}} Later, most of the headquarters moved to Bataan, leaving only the nucleus with MacArthur.{{sfn|Rogers|1990|pp=125–141}} The troops on Bataan knew that they had been written off but continued to fight. Some blamed Roosevelt and MacArthur for their predicament. A ballad sung to the tune of "[[The Battle Hymn of the Republic]]" called him "Dugout Doug".{{sfn|James|1975|pp=65–66}} However, most clung to the belief that somehow MacArthur "would reach down and pull something out of his hat".{{sfn|James|1975|p=68}}

On 1 January 1942, MacArthur accepted $500,000 (equivalent to ${{format price|{{inflation|US-GDP|500000|1942}}}} in {{inflation/year|US-GDP}}){{inflation/fn|US-GDP}} from President Quezon of the Philippines as payment for his pre-war service. MacArthur's staff members also received payments: $75,000 for Sutherland, $45,000 for Richard Marshall, and $20,000 for Huff{{sfn|Rogers|1990|p=165}}{{sfn|Petillo|1979|pp=107–117}} (equivalent to ${{format price|{{inflation|US-GDP|75000|1942|r=-3}}}}, ${{format price|{{inflation|US-GDP|45000|1942|r=-3}}}}, and ${{format price|{{inflation|US-GDP|20000|1942|r=-3}}}} in {{inflation/year|US-GDP}}, respectively).{{inflation/fn|US-GDP}} Eisenhower—after being appointed [[Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force|Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force]] (AEF)—was also offered money by Quezon, but declined.{{sfn|Halberstam|2007|p=372}} These payments were known only to a few in Manila and Washington, including President Roosevelt and Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, until they were made public by historian Carol Petillo in 1979.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Warren |first1=Jim |last2=Ridder |first2=Knight |title=MacArthur Given $500,000 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/01/29/macarthur-given-500000/3ad863a3-8caa-4792-b038-d91bb3f804b4/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=29 January 1980 |access-date=11 February 2017 |archive-date=2 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302030310/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/01/29/macarthur-given-500000/3ad863a3-8caa-4792-b038-d91bb3f804b4/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SecretPayment">{{cite web |title=The Secret Payment (January February 1942) &#124; American Experience |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/peopleevents/pandeAMEX103.html |url-status=dead |publisher=[[PBS]] |access-date=11 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212164913/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/peopleevents/pandeAMEX103.html |archive-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> While the payments had been fully legal,<ref name="SecretPayment" /> the revelation tarnished MacArthur's reputation.<ref name="SecretPayment" /><ref name="Ellensburg 30 January 1980" />

====Escape from the Philippines====
{{main|Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines}}
In February 1942, as Japanese forces tightened their grip on the Philippines, President Roosevelt ordered MacArthur to relocate to Australia.{{sfn|James|1975|p=98}} On the night of 12 March 1942, MacArthur and a select group that included his wife Jean, son Arthur, Arthur's [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] ''[[Amah (occupation)|amah]]'', Loh Chui, and other members of his staff, including Sutherland, Richard Marshall and Huff, left Corregidor. They traveled in [[Patrol torpedo boat|PT boats]] through stormy seas patrolled by Japanese warships, and reached [[Del Monte Airfield]] on [[Mindanao]], where B-17s picked them up, and flew them to Australia. MacArthur ultimately arrived in [[Melbourne]] by train on 21 March.{{sfn|Morton|1953|pp=359–360}}{{sfn|Rogers|1990|pp=190–192}} His famous declaration, "I came through and I shall return", was first made at [[Terowie railway station]] in [[South Australia]], on 20 March.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48749454 |title='I Came Through; I Shall Return'. |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]] |location=Adelaide |date=21 March 1942 |access-date=22 July 2012 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320165840/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/48749454 |url-status=live }}</ref> Washington asked MacArthur to amend his promise to "We shall return". He ignored the request.<ref name="Time 2 December 1991" />

Bataan surrendered on 9 April,{{sfn|Morton|1953|pp=463–467}} and Corregidor on 6 May.{{sfn|Morton|1953|p=561}}

====Medal of Honor====
[[File:Douglas MacArthur MOH Plaque, USMA.JPG|thumb|upright|A plaque inscribed with MacArthur's Medal of Honor citation lies affixed to MacArthur barracks at the U.S. Military Academy.|alt=A bronze plaque with an image of the Medal of Honor, inscribed with MacArthur's Medal of Honor citation. It reads: "For conspicuous leadership in preparing the Philippine Islands to resist conquest, for gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action against invading Japanese forces, and for the heroic conduct of defensive and offensive operations on the Bataan Peninsula. He mobilized, trained, and led an army which has received world acclaim for its gallant defense against a tremendous superiority of enemy forces in men and arms. His utter disregard of personal danger under heavy fire and aerial bombardment, his calm judgment in each crisis, inspired his troops, galvanized the spirit of resistance of the Filipino people, and confirmed the faith of the American people in their Armed Forces."]]

George Marshall decided that MacArthur would be awarded the Medal of Honor, a decoration for which he had twice previously been nominated, "to offset any propaganda by the enemy directed at his leaving his command".{{sfn|James|1975|p=129}} Eisenhower pointed out that MacArthur had not actually performed any acts of valor as required by law, but Marshall cited the 1927 award of the medal to [[Charles Lindbergh]] as a precedent. Special legislation had been passed to authorize Lindbergh's medal, but while similar legislation was introduced authorizing the medal for MacArthur by Congressmen [[J. Parnell Thomas]] and [[James E. Van Zandt]], Marshall felt strongly that a serving general should receive the medal from the president and the War Department, expressing that the recognition "would mean more" if the gallantry criteria were not waived by a bill of relief.{{sfn|James|1975|pp=129–130}}{{sfn|Mears|2018|pp=144–145}}

Marshall ordered Sutherland to recommend the award and authored the citation himself. Ironically, this also meant that it violated the governing statute, as it could only be considered lawful so long as material requirements were waived by Congress, such as the unmet requirement to perform conspicuous gallantry "above and beyond the call of duty". Marshall admitted the defect to the secretary of war, acknowledging that "there is no specific act of General MacArthur's to justify the award of the Medal of Honor under a literal interpretation of the statutes". Similarly, when the Army's adjutant general reviewed the case in 1945, he determined that "authority for [MacArthur's] award is questionable under strict interpretation of regulations".{{sfn|Mears|2018|pp=144–145}}

MacArthur had been nominated for the award twice before and understood that it was for leadership and not gallantry. He expressed the sentiment that "this award was intended not so much for me personally as it is a recognition of the indomitable courage of the gallant army which it was my honor to command".{{sfn|James|1975|p=132}} At the age of 62 MacArthur was the oldest living active-duty Medal of Honor recipient in history and as a four-star general, he was the highest-ranked military servicemember to ever receive the Medal of Honor. Arthur and Douglas MacArthur thus became the first father and son to be awarded the Medal of Honor. They remained the only pair until 2001, when Theodore Roosevelt was posthumously awarded for his service during the [[Spanish–American War]], [[Theodore Roosevelt Jr.]] having received one posthumously for his gallantry during the World War II Normandy invasion.<ref name="CNN 16 January 2001" /> MacArthur's citation, written by Marshall,{{sfn|James|1975|p=131}} read:{{blockquote|For conspicuous leadership in preparing the Philippine Islands to resist conquest, for gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action against invading Japanese forces, and for the heroic conduct of defensive and offensive operations on the Bataan Peninsula. He mobilized, trained, and led an army which has received world acclaim for its gallant defense against a tremendous superiority of enemy forces in men and arms. His utter disregard of personal danger under heavy fire and aerial bombardment, his calm judgment in each crisis, inspired his troops, galvanized the spirit of resistance of the Filipino people, and confirmed the faith of the American people in their Armed Forces.<ref name="history.army.mil moh" />}}
As the symbol of the forces resisting the Japanese, MacArthur received many other accolades. The Native American tribes of the Southwest chose him as a "Chief of Chiefs", which he acknowledged as from "my oldest friends, the companions of my boyhood days on the Western frontier".{{sfn|Manchester|1978|p=290}} He was touched when he was named Father of the Year for 1942, and wrote to the National Father's Day Committee that:{{blockquote|By profession I am a soldier and take pride in that fact, but I am prouder, infinitely prouder to be a father. A soldier destroys in order to build; the father only builds, never destroys. The one has the potentialities of death; the other embodies creation and life. And while the hordes of death are mighty, the battalions of life are mightier still. It is my hope that my son when I am gone will remember me, not from battle, but in the home, repeating with him our simple daily prayer, "Our father, Who art in Heaven."{{sfn|Manchester|1978|p=290}}}}