Editing Domestication (section)

=== Ambrosia beetles ===

{{further|Ambrosia beetle}}

Ambrosia beetles in the [[weevil]] subfamilies [[Scolytinae]] and [[Platypodinae]] excavate tunnels in dead or stressed trees into which they introduce fungal gardens, their sole source of nutrition. After landing on a suitable tree, an ambrosia beetle excavates a tunnel in which it releases [[Ambrosia fungi|its fungal symbiont]]. The fungus penetrates the plant's [[xylem]] tissue, extracts nutrients from it, and concentrates the nutrients on and near the surface of the beetle gallery. Ambrosia fungi are typically poor wood degraders and instead utilize less demanding nutrients.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kasson |first1=Matthew T. |last2=Wickert |first2=Kristen L. |last3=Stauder |first3=Cameron M. |last4=Macias |first4=Angie M. |last5=Berger |first5=Matthew C. |last6=Simmons |first6=D. Rabern |last7=Short |first7=Dylan P. G. |last8=DeVallance |first8=David B. |last9=Hulcr |first9=Jiri |title=Mutualism with aggressive wood-degrading Flavodon ambrosius (Polyporales) facilitates niche expansion and communal social structure in Ambrosiophilus ambrosia beetles |journal=Fungal Ecology |date=October 2016 |volume=23 |pages=86–96 |doi=10.1016/j.funeco.2016.07.002 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2016FunE...23...86K }}</ref> Symbiotic fungi produce and detoxify ethanol, which is an attractant for ambrosia beetles and likely prevents the growth of antagonistic pathogens and selects for other beneficial symbionts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ranger |first1=Christopher M. |last2=Biedermann |first2=Peter H. W. |last3=Phuntumart |first3=Vipaporn |last4=Beligala |first4=Gayathri U. |last5=Ghosh |first5=Satyaki |last6=Palmquist |first6=Debra E. |last7=Mueller |first7=Robert |last8=Barnett |first8=Jenny |last9=Schultz |first9=Peter B. |last10=Reding |first10=Michael E. |last11=Benz |first11=J. Philipp |title=Symbiont selection via alcohol benefits fungus farming by ambrosia beetles |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=24 April 2018 |volume=115 |issue=17 |pages=4447–4452 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1716852115 |pmc=5924889 |pmid=29632193 |bibcode=2018PNAS..115.4447R |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ambrosia beetles mainly colonise wood of recently dead trees.<ref name= Hulcr2017>{{cite journal |last1=Hulcr |first1=Jiri |last2=Stelinski |first2=Lukasz L. |title=The Ambrosia Symbiosis: From Evolutionary Ecology to Practical Management |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |date=31 January 2017 |volume=62 |pages=285–303 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035105 |pmid=27860522 |doi-access=free }}</ref>