Editing Death by burning (section)

====Spanish Inquisition====
{{See| Auto-da-fé}}
[[File:Anneken Hendriks, Dam, Amsterdam, by Jan Luyken.jpg|thumb|The burning of a 16th-century Dutch [[Anabaptist]], [[Anneken Hendriks]], who was charged with heresy]]
The [[Spanish Inquisition]] was established in 1478, with the aim of preserving Catholic orthodoxy; some of its principal targets were "[[Marranos]]", formally converted Jews thought to have relapsed into [[Judaism]], or the [[Moriscos]], formally converted Muslims thought to have relapsed into [[Islam]]. The public executions of the Spanish Inquisition were called [[autos-da-fé]]; convicts were "released" (handed over) to secular authorities in order to be burnt.

Estimates of how many were executed on behest of the Spanish Inquisition have been offered from early on; historian [[Hernando del Pulgar]] (1436–{{circa|1492}}) estimated that 2,000 people were burned at the stake between 1478 and 1490.<ref>[[Henry Kamen]], ''The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision.'', p. 62, (Yale University Press, 1997).</ref> Estimates ranging from 30,000 to 50,000 burnt at the stake (alive or not) at the behest of the Spanish Inquisition during its 300 years of activity have previously been given and are still to be found in popular books.<ref>On mercy, and 50,000 estimate, for Marranos ''Telchin'' (2004), [https://books.google.com/books?id=4K7QH76_HdIC&pg=PA41 p. 41] On 30,000 estimate of Marranos ''killed'', see ''Pasachoff, Littman'' (2005), [https://books.google.com/books?id=z4eaj09hscAC&pg=PA151 p. 151]</ref>

In February 1481, in what is said to be the first auto-da-fé, six Marranos were burnt alive in [[Seville]]. In November 1481, 298 Marranos were burnt publicly at the same place, their property confiscated by the Church.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} Not all Marranos executed by being burnt at the stake seem to have been burnt alive. If the Jew confessed his heresy, the Church would show mercy, and he would be strangled prior to the burning. Autos-da-fé against Marranos extended beyond the Spanish heartland. In Sicily, in 1511–15, 79 were burnt at the stake, while from 1511 to 1560, 441 Marranos were condemned to be burned alive.<ref>''Cipolla'' (2005), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Sggys-_O-2cC&pg=PA91 p. 91]</ref> In Spanish American colonies, autos-da-fé were held as well. In 1664, a man and his wife were burned alive in [[Río de la Plata]], and in 1699, a Jew was burnt alive in [[Mexico City]].<ref>''Stillman, Zucker'' (1993) '''On the Río de la Plata incident''', see ''Matilde Gini de Barnatan'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=yq7VUKWz5dwC&pg=PA144 p. 144], '''on Mexico City incident''', see ''Eva Alexandra Uchmany'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=yq7VUKWz5dwC&pg=PA128 p. 128]</ref>

In 1535, five Moriscos were burned at the stake on [[Majorca]]; the images of a further four were also burnt in [[effigy]], since the actual individuals had managed to flee. During the 1540s, some 232 Moriscos were paraded in autos-da-fé in [[Zaragoza]]; five of those were burnt at the stake.<ref>''Carr'' (2009), [https://archive.org/details/bloodfaithpurgin00carr/page/101 p. 101]</ref> The claim that out of 917 Moriscos appearing in autos of the Inquisition in [[Granada]] between 1550 and 1595, just 20 were executed<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/spanishinquisition2|title=The Spanish Inquisition A Historical Revision 4th Ed. By Henry Kamen|last=Henry Kamen|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> seems at odds with the English government's state papers which claim that, while at war with Spain, they received a report from Seville of 17 June 1593 that over 70 of the richest men of Granada were burnt.<ref>List And Analysis of State Papers Foreign, Jul 1593 – Dec 1594. v. 5; p. 444 (595): by Public Record Office ({{ISBN|978-0114402181}})</ref> As late as 1728 as many as 45 Moriscos were recorded as having been burned for heresy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Matar |first=Nabil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2QRd_rbWu8C&pg=PR21 |title=Europe Through Arab Eyes, 1578–1727 |date=2008-11-12 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-51208-4 |page=xxi |language=en}}</ref> In the May 1691 "bonfire of the Jews", Rafael Valls, Rafael Benito Terongi and [[Caterina Tarongí|Catalina Terongi]] were burned alive.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/07/world/europe/07iht-spain07.html|title=In Majorca, Atoning for the Sins of 1691|first=Doreen|last=Carvajal|newspaper=The New York Times|date=7 May 2011|access-date=20 October 2018}}</ref><ref>[[Nachman Seltzer]], ''Incredible'', Shaar Press, 2016</ref>